1. Carbohydrates & Lipids
Chapter 3
Biochemistry

2. What you need to know!
The role of dehydration synthesis in the formation of carbohydrates.
How to recognize the difference between the 4 biologically important organic compounds by their structure formulas
The cellular functions of carbohydrates & lipids

3. Carbohydrates Contain only C, H, O
Formula (CH2O)n “n” indicates the number of carbons
Primarily energy molecules (some are structural)
All carbs are generally hydrophilic

4. Monosaccharides Monomers for polysaccharides or independent sugars
Hexose sugars have 6 carbons and are hexagonal or pentagonal
Primarily provides energy
Single sugars joined together by condensation
Form glycosidic bonds

5. Disaccharides Two simple sugars joined together (dimer)
Sucrose (table sugar) =
1 glucose + 1 fructose
Maltose (malt sugar) =
1 glucose + 1 glucose
Primarily energy molecules

6. Polysaccharides
Energy storage
Amylose (starch in plants)
Glycogen (liver in animals)
Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose (plants)
Chitin (fungi, insects)
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin are all made out of glucose molecules
They differ in their glycosidic bonds

7. Cellulose = Fiber *Cellulose 1-4 B glycosidic bonds
*“O” up – “O down rotation
Indigestible to animals
Only bacteria can hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of cellulose

8. Lipids/Fats: Contain C, H, O, P Contain lots of H
Made of (no true monomer): glycerol and fatty acids
Lipids are individual macromolecules not polymers
Extremely diverse category
All are hydrophobic

9. Fatty Acids Saturated fatty acid = very stable
Solid at room temperature (RT)
butter, lard
Single bonds
Unsaturated fatty acid = less stable
Liquid at RT
Olive oil, canola oil, nut based oils

10. Lipids Long term energy storage: Triglycerides
Adipose Tissue (animals)
Seeds (plants)
Cell membrane
Phospholipids = 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate, and 2 fatty acids

11. Lipids Steroid hormones Protective waxes (leaf, ear)
Ring structure with one fatty acid
estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, cortisol
Cholesterol:
maintains cell membrane fluidity
Protective waxes (leaf, ear)
Waterproofing, and keeps out unwanted organisms