1. Carbohydrates
Notes

2. What you need to know!
The role of dehydration synthesis in the formation of carbohydrates.
How to recognize the difference between the 4 biologically important organic compounds by their structure formulas
The cellular functions of carbohydrates

3. Carbohydrates: Contain only C, H, O
Formula (CH2O)n “n” indicates the number of carbons
Energy molecules: mono-, disaccharides, starches
Cell structure molecules: cellulose, chitins
Cell-cell recognition: glycoproteins on erythrocytes (A,B,AB,O)
All carbs are generally hydrophilic

4. Simple sugars (monosaccharide):
Either monomers for polysacch, or independent sugars
Hexoses (hexagons or pentagons) have 6 carbons: glucose, fructose, galactose
Usually provide energy
a glucose B-glucose fructose

5. Multiple sugars (polymers):
Single sugars joined together by condensation
Forming glycosidic bonds
( C – O – C)
Chains of ringform monosaccharides
Disaccharides (2 monos), polysaccharides (> 2 monos)

6. Disaccharide: Dimer, two simple sugars joined together
Sucrose (table sugar):
1 glucose + 1 fructose
Maltose (malt sugar):
1 glucose + 1 glucose
Usually energy molecules

7. Polysaccharides: Carbohydrate storage Amylose (starch in plants)
Glycogen (liver in animals)
Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose (plants)
Chitin (fungi, insects)
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin are all made out of glucose molecules. They differ in their glycosidic bonds

8. Cellulose = Fiber Cellulose 1-4 B glycosidic bonds
Indigestible to animals
“O” up – “O down rotation
Only bacteria can hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of cellulose