1. L.E. Bio Theme 2
Carbohydrates

2. Carbohydrates Life's main source of Energy Include Sugars and Starches
(used in cellular respiration)
Include Sugars and Starches
Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen – (C,H,O)
The ratio of (H:O) is usually 2:1
Ex. glucose (C6H12O6), sucrose (C12H22O11)
Usually end in “ose” ending
Ex. glucose, fructose, sucrose

3. Types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides-Simple or Single Sugars
Disaccharides-Double Sugars
Polysaccharides-Starches

4. Monosaccharides Simple Sugars Structural Diagram -“ring shaped”
Made up of only (C,H,O)
A single sugar molecule.
C:H:O ratio- 1:2:1
Ex. glucose (C6H12O6), fructose (C6H12O6), galactose (C6H12O6),
Structural Diagram -“ring shaped” or

5. Monosaccharide Draw into notes
H2OH C H H H C C O H H O H H O C C H O H
C6H12O6

6. Disaccharides Double Sugars
Made up of two monosaccharide molecules bonded together by dehydration synthesis.
Ex. maltose (C12H22O11), sucrose (C12H22O11), \
(C12H22O11),

7. Dehydration Synthesis.
Building up in which water is produced as a byproduct.
dehydration
synthesis

8. Dehydration Synthesis Extras
*Note: There is always one less water molecule produced than the number of molecules that are being joined together.
A disaccharide is made by linking two monosaccharides together.
A polysaccharide is made by linking more than two monosaccharides together.
Examples
glucose + glucose [ 1 maltose (disaccharide) + 1 water
glucose + glucose + glucose [ 1 starch (polysaccharide) + 1 water

9. Remember
Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis (reversible reactions)
Hydrolysis

10. Polysaccharides Starches Long chains of monosacharides (glucose)
Polymers- long repeating chains
Made up of three more monosaccharides molecules bonded together by dehydration synthesis.
Ex. See next two slides

11. Plant Polysaccharides
Starch - Stored glucose from photosynthesis
Cellulose – Composition of the cell wall. Humans cannot digest cellulose. often refer to cellulose as fiber.
Starch must be returned to glucose by Hydrolysis

12. Animal Polysaccharides
Glycogen - a polysaccharide made of glucose by animals
Stored in the liver and muscle tissue.
Starch must be returned to glucose by Hydrolysis

13. Tests for Carbohydrates
Benedicts Solution or Fehlings Solution
Test for Sugars
starts 
Blue g Green g Yellow g Orange g Brick Red
little sugar  much sugar
Iodine
Test for Starch
Brown  Blue-Black/Purple
negative  positive

14. Review Monosaccharides-Simple Sugars Disaccharides-Double Sugars
Polysaccharides-Starches