1. 6/16/2018
Outline 2-3
Carbon Compounds
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2. I. Organic compounds
A. Study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms
B. Carbon has 4 valence electrons that can form 4 strong covalent bonds.
1. It can bond to many elements including itself.
2. It can form chains that are almost unlimited in length
3. It can form rings with itself
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3. II. Macromolecules A. Made from thousands of smaller molecules
B. They are formed by polymerization:
1. Smaller units are called monomers.
2. They join together to form polymers.
3. The monomers may be identical or different.
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5. III. 4 types of organic compounds
A. Most of your body is composed of organic compounds
1. These can also be called biomolecules.
2. There are 4 groups:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids
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6. B. Carbohydrates 2. Atoms in ratio of 1:2:1 (C:H2:O)
1. Made of C, H & O (CHO)
2. Atoms in ratio of 1:2:1 (C:H2:O)
3. Key source of energy for cells
4. Found in most foods
5. Three types:
a. Monosaccharides
b. Disaccharides
c. Polysaccharides
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7. Examples: glucose, fructose
6. Monosaccharides:
a. Single sugars = building blocks
Examples: glucose, fructose
C6H12O6
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8. b. Made when 2 single sugars join Examples: sucrose (table sugar)
7. Disaccharides
a. Double sugars
b. Made when 2 single sugars join
Examples: sucrose (table sugar)
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9. 8. Polysaccharides a. Chains of 3 or more simple sugars
b. These are macromolecules. They help to store energy or build structures
c. Examples:
● plant starch – stores excess sugars
● cellulose – part of cell walls; gives plants strength and rigidity
● glycogen – animal starch
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10. C. Lipids (contain CH) 1. Nonpolar molecules = not soluble in water
2. Include fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids (cholesterol) & waxes
3. Functions:
a. Store energy
b. Important part of cell membranes
c. Waterproof coverings
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11. a. Formed from two parts: • glycerol (3 carbon alcohol)
4. Fats
a. Formed from two parts:
• glycerol (3 carbon alcohol)
• 3 fatty acid chains
b. Saturated fats
• carbons joined by single bonds; have maximum # of hydrogen atoms
• solid animal fats
c. Unsaturated fats
• fatty acid contains at least one double bond; not maximum # of H
• liquid plant & fish oils
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12. D. Proteins (contain CHON)
1. Chains of monomers called amino acids
2. Amino acids are composed of:
a. amino groups (-NH2)
b. carboxyl group (-COOH)
c. central carbon
d. R groups which vary
3. Some amino acids are polar; some are ionic; some are nonpolar
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14. b. Others form body parts like bones & muscles
4. Functions:
a. Enzymes are special proteins that control the rate of chemical reactions
b. Others form body parts like bones & muscles
c. Antibodies fight infection
d. Transport substances into & out of cells
The shape of a protein is very important to its functioning.
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15. E. Nucleic Acids (CHONP)
1. Long chain of building block monomers called nucleotides
a. Nucleotides have 3 parts:
• a 5-carbon sugar
• a phosphate group
• a nitrogen base
b. Nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds to form a chain
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17. 2. Two types of nucleic acids: a. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• double stranded spiral
 Heredity information
b. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
• single strand
 Manufacturer of proteins
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