1. Early Society In Mainland East Asia
Chapter 5:
Early Society In Mainland East Asia
I approve of the third gender

2. Question 1
•Civilization is a social development and organization. They trade, have currency, agriculture, language, and population centers.
•Yangshao Society and Banpo Village developed their own pottery, agriculture, and had their own political, social and cultural beliefs.
•The Xia Dynasty established a precedent for hereditary monarchical rule.
•The Shang Dynasty kings monopolized bronze metallurgy which helped displace the Xia Dynasty.

3. Question 2
•Yellow River Valley gets floods that destroys everything in its path but sometimes the geographic conditions help out the civilizations around. The rain helps the crops grow that many civilizations didn’t need an irrigation system. The Loess is extremely fertile so farming was really easy because there was no need to use metal tools.

4. Question 3
States were known as “Dynasties”. Emerged in the late years of third millennium B.C.E.
Xia Dynasty (2200 B.C.E.): First led by sage-king Yu. Mainly supported by metallurgy because high classes needed administrative centers+bronze weapons to maintain control. Last Xia leader lost realm to Shang.
Shang Dynasty ( B.C.E.): Shang rulers had network of walled up towns ruled by appointed Shang kings. Conquered by using metallurgy to make weapons+chariots+used agriculture they captured to support.
Zhou Dynasty: Rulers chosen through process called “mandate of heaven”. Rulers used military forces+political allies to maintain control. Mainly supported by political allies so they can marry and strengthen bonds.

5. Question 4
Xia: maintained control over rulers of villages by Yellow River
Irresponsible/unjust ruling=Shang conquered Xin
Shang: After conquering Xia Dynasty, Shang used carriages+metal weapons to conquer places+crops.
Used crops to support themselves (military, venturers, etc.)
Fell to Zhou Dynasty: Last Shang ruler was a crooked man that made most of the Shang territories change their loyalties to the Zhou Dynasty.
Zhou: After butting heads with Shang ruler for a while, Zhou went+conquered Yin(Shang capital),+beheaded the king. Conquered areas+then set up small governments in conquered areas to maintain control.
Temporarily efficient. Territories turned against government and became dependent after a while.

6. Question 5
The pastoral civilization that China lived by had a big role in the building of their empires. Since they didn’t have to worry about food, people could have specialized jobs, which allowed for the production of new technology. New technology like:
Metallurgy
Bronze chariots
Bronze weapons
Bronze arrowheads
Silk textiles

7. Question 6
Culture played a role through writing and philosophy. China didn’t have law codes or worship gods. Instead, they focused on improving their military and followed different philosophies written in several books.
Their advances in Bronze metallurgy allowed their military to have better weapons than their enemies. They won fights with thousands to ten thousands of men left. This kept their population up.

8. Question 7
Erlitou (Xia dynasty) was found with a large palace-like structure, modest houses, pottery workshops, and a bronze foundry.
Ao (Shang dynasty) is most famous for its wall that was 33 feet tall and 66 feet thick.
Yin (Shang dynasty) had royal palaces, archives with written documents, two large bronze foundries, workshops for potters, woodworkers, bone carvers, and many tombs.

9. Question 8
The ruling elites encouraged the development of art in ancient china
The highest class in chinese society encouraged the development of art because ancient artisans had to skillfully craft bronze trinkets such as bronze pots, jars, cups, plates, serving dishes, mirrors, bells, drums, and vessels which were used in ceremonies for the ruling class to prove their dominance and superiority.
The utensils featured elaborate detailed decorations that showed the skill of the artist who designed the mold.

10. Question 9
In mesopotamia and egypt merchants were the ones who created the early forms of writing this was not the case in china, writing served the interests of rulers instead
The earliest forms of chinese writing was in pictographs (ex:hieroglyphs)
To represent complex words the chinese used various pictographs into an ideograph
Unlike most other languages the chinese did not use an alphabetic or phonetic component

11. Question 10
Many writings of the shang dynasty were on the bones of animals so that oracles could predict the future and these peices were called oracle bones
Many writings of the zhou dynasty won recognition and some were even textbooks
This meant that literature had a great impact on chinese culture and even aristocrats learned proper etiquette from a book called “The Book of Rites”
The most notable of the chinese workings was called “The book of songs” the book of songs was filled with 311 poems that showed the daily life of the ancient chinaman, it also showed the heroic deeds of ancient kings

12. Question 11
Oracle Bones formed most of Ancient China’s religious beliefs.
Shells, bones, or rocks with carved inscriptions
Diviners carved questions into bone and heated them
Heat caused bones to crack and form fissures
Fissures were read by oracle men to determine one’s fate or to read a prophecy
Oracle Bones were at least used through the Shang Dynassty (1766 BCE)
Discovered around the 19th century by farming peasants
Ground bones for medicinal value - Known as “dragon bones”
Historic and religious value discovered in the 1890s

13. Question 12
Most Chinese trade occurred during the latter part of the Zhou dynasty and the Shang dynasty. However:
Only small-scale trade was performed
Large mountains and long deserts stood between China and other empires
The Shang managed to establish routes between its west and south in 3000 BCE
Tin, Jade, and cowry shells were all traded to China from countries such as Burma, the Maldive Islands, and the Malay Peninsula.
Other countries that interacted with China consisted of the Harrapan Civilization and Mohenjo-daro.
China exported pottery to these nations
Chinese traders also developed ships to trade with Korea and the Yellow Sea during the Zhou dynasty. ok

14. Question 13
Ancient China followed patriarchies - Male dominant households.
Men were expected to lead and control households.
Held power and guided their families
Men controlled politics and help military power
Few women occasionally help power - most powerful women were early Shang queens.
Fu Hao, consort of Wu Ding controlled the imperial estate. She was also the most famous woman in Ancient China.
She presided over ceremonies usually led by men | Later Shang and Zhou women were second to men
Served as a general for over 13,000 soldiers | Queens and empresses were later forgotten

15. oUR gROUP KENNETH HERNANDEZ Cody Huynh Maximillian Hernandez
Vedaant Patel
Scotty Sutherland I