1. Why to use the assembly and why we need this course at all?
How tens of programs work on one or couple of processors of your PC?
It’s organized by the Operating System.
Operating systems behavior cannot be understood without knowledge of computer structure and the assembly language.
PCB, context switch, threads, stack, heap, dynamic linking
Assembly language advantages versus High level languages
The primary reason to program in assembly language is that the speed or size of a program is critically important.
A hybrid approach, in which most of a program is written in a high-level language and time-critical sections are written in assembly language, builds on the strengths of both languages
Cases when no high-level language or compiler is available on a particular computer
Ability to exploit specialized instructions, for example, string copy or pattern-matching instructions.

2. Human writes the code
During the course we have to
go through all the levels
learn each of them separately
learn the translation from one to another
Finally we’ll put together the learned material and get the final picture of computer organization.
The abstraction of the different parts of computer hardware / software allows us to create different Levels of Representation / Interpretation.
This makes easier to understand each part separately and get the whole picture putting together all components.

3. Instruction Set Architecture
• Basic job of a CPU: execute lots of instructions.
• Instructions are the primitive operations that the CPU may execute.
• Different CPUs implement different sets of instructions. The set of instructions a particular CPU implements defines the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA).
• Examples: Intel x86 (Pentium 4), Apple/IBM/Motorola PowerPC, MIPS, Sun Sparc, ...

4. Computer architecture

5. High and Low level languages
C Program
Java Program
C#, .net Program
C++ Program
Assembly Program
Assembly Program
Assembly Program
Sun Sparc
MIPS
Intel x86

6. Numeration systems Review
Doing binary correct operations in the computer we are sure that the translated result to decimal also is correct.

7. Numeration systems

8. Numeration systems

9. Numeration systems

10. Binary system in computers

11. Bit patterns

12. Bit grouping

14. Conversion Example From Decimal to Binary
Convert the decimal to binary: