1. Mapping MARC to FRBR

2. Functional Analysis of the MARC 21 Bibliographic and Holdings Formats
Prepared for the Network Development and MARC Standards Office
Library of Congress
by Tom Delsey
February 2002
Presentation based on analysis of MARC 21 formats done for LC in 2002
Full study posted on LC web site

3. Background Objectives and Approach
Clarify the relationship of MARC 21 to the FRBR and AACR models
Extend the FRBR model to account for all data elements in MARC 21
Relate individual data elements to user tasks
Highlight key issues for future development of the MARC 21 formats
Presentation focuses on first two objectives
Highlights one issue for future development – multiple versions

4. FRBR Model IFLA Study Group on the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records
PERSON
CORPORATE BODY
WORK
EXPRESSION
MANIFESTATION
ITEM
CONCEPT
OBJECT
EVENT
PLACE
FRBR entities:
Group 1: products of intellectual and artistic endeavour: work, expression, manifestation, item
Group 2: those responsible for intellectual and artistic content, physical production and dissemination, or custodianship: person, corporate body
Group 3: subjects of works: concept, object, event, place, person, corporate body, work, expression, manifestation, item

5. Extending the FRBR Model Additional attributes defined for FRBR entities
WORK
EXPRESSION
MANIFESTATION
ITEM
PERSON
CONCEPT
CORPORATE BODY
Additional attributes for FRBR entities derived from analysis of MARC 21:
WORK – nature of work, purpose of work, source of work
EXPRESSION – symbology, scale (technical drawings), quality of data set
MANIFESTATION – date of production, reformatting quality, hours of availability
ITEM – date of acquisition, acquisition price, location of item, reproduction restrictions
PERSON – biography
CORPORATE BODY – history, address
EVENT – type of event, time/date of event, location of event
OBJECT
EVENT
PLACE

6. Extending the FRBR Model Additional entities related to work
TASK
WORK UNIT
PROJECT
PROGRAM
CONTRACT
Additional entities related to work derived from analysis of MARC 21:
TASK/PROJECT/PROGRAM – identifier
WORK UNIT – identifier
CONTRACT/GRANT – identifier
CURRICULUM – curriculum objective
STUDY PROGRAM – identifier, name
CURRICULUM
GRANT
STUDY PROGRAM

7. Extending the FRBR Model Additional entities related to item
ACTION
Additional entities related to item derived from analysis of MARC 21:
ACTION – action identifier, action status, time/date of action, method of action, site of action
AUTHORITY – citation for authority
POSITION – title of position
AUTHORITY
POSITION

8. Extending the FRBR Model Additional processing entities
RECORD
SEGMENT
FIELD
Additional entities related to data processing derived from analysis of MARC 21:
RECORD – type of record, record status, encoding level
SEGMENT – segment identifier, type of segment
FIELD – type of field, length of field, function of field, field encoding level
DATA ELEMENT – type of data element, source of data element, language of data element
DATA ELEMENT

9. Statistical Summary MARC data elements mapped to entity attributes defined in FRBR
1XX/6XX/7XX/8XX
5XX, 76X-78X
006/008
034/047/048
WORK
286
1XX/6XX/7XX/8XX
254/255/256, 342/343, 5XX, 76X-78X
006/007/008, 034/041
EXPRESSION
156
0XX
, 250/257/260/270
300/340/362
5XX, 76X-78X
006/007/008
044/046
85X-87X
MANIFESTATION
WORK
1XX, etc. – title, form, date, other distinguishing characteristic, medium, key
– title, date
5XX, 76X-78X – issued with , successor , supplement , index 
006/008 – form, nature, intended audience
0XX – coordinates, form, medium
EXPRESSION
1XX, etc. – language, arrangement
25X – type of score, projection, scale, extent of expression
3XX – geo-spatial data, planar data
5XX – language, critical response, regularity, frequency
76X-78X – translation , other edition 
006/007/008 – form, language, projection, type of score, extent of expression
0XX – language, scale
MANIFESTATION
0XX – manifestation identifier
2XX – title, statement of responsibility, edition statement, publication/distribution
3XX – physical attributes (extent, dimensions, physical medium), numbering
5XX, 76X-78X – reproduction , alternate format 
006/007/008 – date of publication, form of carrier, physical medium, dimensions, playing speed, etc.
04X – place of publication, date of publication
85X-86X – numbering
ITEM
0XX – item identifier
5XX – provenance, marks/inscriptions, exhibition history, condition, related item 
85X-87X – item identifier, access restrictions
528
0XX, 5XX, 85X-87X 76
ITEM

10. Statistical Summary MARC data elements mapped to entity attributes defined in FRBR
1XX, 6XX, 7XX, 8XX 25
PERSON
1XX, 6XX, 7XX, 8XX
533/535/544
843
CORPORATE BODY 40
6XX, 754 13
CONCEPT
PERSON
1XX, etc. – name, date, title, other distinguishing characteristic
CORPORATE BODY
1XX, etc. – name, place, date
5XX – name
843 – name
CONCEPT
6XX, 754 – term
EVENT
5XX, 6XX, 045 – term
PLACE
5XX, 6XX, 752, 0XX – term
513/518, 6XX, 045 17
EVENT
052, 522, 6XX, 752, 043
PLACE 22

11. Statistical Summary MARC data elements mapped to newly defined attributes for FRBR entities
502/513/562, 006/008 22
WORK
507/514/ 552/565/567
007
EXPRESSION 42
257/260/263/270
300/307/340/351
501/533/538
006/008, 007
85X-87X ‡3
MANIFESTATION
WORK
5XX – purpose
006/008 – source, purpose, nature
EXPRESSION
5XX – scale, quality of data set, entities & attributes, case file characteristics
007 – sound characteristics, symbology
MANIFESTATION
2XX – place of production, place of manufacture, projected date of publication, contact information for source
3XX – type of component unit, hours of availability, systems requirements, organization
5XX – place of production, date of production, issued with 
006/007/008 – quality assurance targets, kind of disc
85X-87X – numbering continuity, calendar change, access instructions, hours of availability
‡3 – manifestation designation
ITEM
0XX – location
5XX – location, method of acquisition, date of acquisition, extent of item, rate of accumulation, frequency of use
007 – completeness
008(H) – method of acquisition, completeness, reproduction restrictions
85X-87X – location, acquisition price, date of acquisition
111
055/060/ /541/584, 007, 008(H) 85X-87X 26
ITEM

12. Statistical Summary MARC data elements mapped to newly defined attributes for FRBR entities
545 2
PERSON
535/544/545 8
CORPORATE BODY
033 3
EVENT
PERSON
545 – biography
CORPORATE BODY
5XX – history, address
EVENT
033 – time/date, location

13. Statistical Summary MARC data elements mapped to newly defined work-related entities
658 3
CURRICULUM
526 1
STUDY PROGRAM
536 1
PROGRAM
536 1
PROJECT
CURRICULUM
658 – curriculum objective
STUDY PROGRAM
526 – study program name, identifier
PROGRAM/PROJECT/TASK
536 – identifier
WORK UNIT
CONTACT/GRANT
536 - identifier
536 1
TASK
536 1
WORK UNIT
536 1
CONTRACT
536 1
GRANT

14. Statistical Summary MARC data elements mapped to newly defined item-related entities
017, 025, 032
583
OO7(MP), 008(H)
ACTION 18
583 1
AUTHORITY
ACTION
0XX – action identifier (copyright registration, overseas acquisitions, postal registration)
583 – action identifier, time/date of action, action interval, contingency
007/008 – time/date of action, action status, time/date, action interval
AUTHORITY
583 – citation for authority
POSITION
583 – position title
583 1
POSITION

15. Statistical Summary MARC data elements mapped to processing entities
Leader
00X
0XX
1XX/2XX/3XX/4XX/5XX/6XX/7XX/8XX 92
RECORD
180
SEGMENT
235
FIELD
RECORD
Leader – type of record, record status, encoding level
00X – record control number, date/time of last transaction
00X – record identifiers (NBN), source, language of cataloguing
SEGMENT
Control subfield 8 – field link and sequence
FIELD
Indicators – type of field, function, display constant, field encoding level
Control subfield 6 – linkage to parallel field
DATA ELEMENT
Indicators – type of data element, source of data element, format, compressibility
Control subfield 2 – source of data element
Subfields – source of data element
151
DATA ELEMENT

16. Problematic Mappings (1) Coded data elements containing a mixed set of values
Coded values defined for a single fixed-length data element map to different attributes/entities
Form of item (006/008)
microfilm/microfiche/microopaque = form of carrier
large print = type size
regular print reproduction = relationship
Type of visual material (006/008)
game, picture, chart, etc. = form of work
graphic, model = form of expression
flash card, slide, etc. = form of carrier

17. Problematic Mappings (2) Coded data elements defined by data type
Data elements defined by data type may map to different attributes/entities
Date 1 / Date 2 (008)
date of publication/distribution (manifestation)
date of manufacture (manifestation)
date of expression
Place of publication (008)
place of publication/distribution (manifestation)
place of manufacture (manifestation)

18. Problematic Mappings (3) Variable data elements defined by function/form
Subfields defined by function or form may map to different attributes/entities
Linking entry fields ( )
‡a (main entry) = person/corporate body/work
Subject added entry – topical (650)
‡a (topical term) = concept/object/event/place

19. Problematic Mappings (4) Variable data elements comprising multiple attributes
Subfields defined to encompass more than one discrete data element
Physical description (300)
‡e (other physical details) = physical medium / capture mode / playing speed / groove width / kind of cutting / tape configuration / kind of sound / special reproduction characteristics / colour / polarity / presentation format / file characteristics
Original version note (534)
‡t (title statement) = title of manifestation + statement of responsibility
‡e (physical description) = form of carrier + extent of carrier + dimensions of carrier, etc.

20. Problematic Mappings (5) Variable data elements defined in non-specific terms
Subfields defined as “catch alls”
Miscellaneous/qualifying information (1XX/2XX/6XX/7XX/8XX)
1XX/6XX/7XX/8XX ‡g (miscellaneous information)
210/222 ‡b (qualifying information)
‡c (qualifying information)
Additional information (3XX)
307 ‡b (additional information)
Remainder of title (2XX)
242/245/246/247 ‡b (remainder of title)
Note/display text (5XX/ /85X/86X/87X)
500 ‡a (general note)
‡n (note)
852/856/863/866/867/868/876/877/878 ‡z (public note)

21. Problematic Mappings (6) Data elements requiring clarification
Definition of MARC data element needs clarification to confirm mapping
Confirm applicability to defined attribute
Festschrift (006/008 Books) = purpose of work?
Patent number (013 ‡a) = manifestation identifier?
Direct reference method (352 ‡a ) = file characteristics?
Determine appropriate entity/attribute
Production elements (007 MP) = ???
Copy information (051/061/071) = ???
Extent (583) = ???
Level of index term (653/01) = ???

22. Hierarchical Displays Multiple versions of the same work
EXPRESSION 1
EXPRESSION 2
MANIFESTATION 1
MANIFESTATION 2
ITEM 1
ITEM 2
ITEM 3
ITEM 4
Hierarchical displays for multiple versions of the same work:
response to recommendation from LC Bicentennial Conference on Bibliographic Control in the New Millennium
action plan item: develop functional requirements for systems to manage separate records for related manifestations at the global level and to consolidate them for display at the local level
Functional Analysis of MARC 21 outlined schema for extracting data from MARC records to create “top level” hierarchical display
MANIFESTATION 3
MANIFESTATION 4

23. Hierarchical Displays Five-part display
Citation for work
Identify Work 
Guide card for expression
Identify Expression 
Brief entry for manifestation
Title/Edition/Numbering
Identify Manifestation 
Elements of display designed to support key user tasks defined in FRBR:
Identify work: citation for the work (author/title)
Identify expression: guide card for expression (form, language, etc.)
Identify manifestation: three-part brief entry
title/edition/numbering
publisher/distributor/date
extent/physical details/standard number
Link from brief entry to full record
Brief entry for manifestation
Imprint
Brief entry for manifestation
Physical description / Standard number

24. Hierarchical Displays (1) Citation for the work
Created by 
Person / Corporate Body
100/110/111 (excluding ‡t, ‡n, ‡p, ‡d, ‡f, ‡k, ‡s, ‡m, ‡r, ‡l, ‡o, ‡h)
Title of work
130/240/243/245 ‡a, ‡n, ‡p
Date of work
130/240/243 ‡d, ‡ f / 245 ‡f, ‡g
Form of work
130/240/243/245 ‡k
Other distinguishing characteristic
130/240/243 ‡s
Citation for work:
matching done on heading / uniform title fields
name and title subfields extracted to form citation
Medium of performance
130/240/243 ‡m
Key
130/240/243 ‡r
Coordinates
255 ‡c

25. Hierarchical Displays (2) Guide card for the expression
Form of expression
Leader c. p. 06
Language of expression
130/240/243 ‡l / 008 c.p
Other distinguishing characteristic
130/240/243 ‡o / 245 ‡s
Type of score
254 ‡a
Guide card for expression:
data extracted from leader, additions to uniform titles, and/or material specific area
create grouping device for expression
Scale
255 ‡a

26. Hierarchical Displays (3) Brief entry for the manifestation – title/edition/numbering
Title of manifestation
245/242 ‡a, ‡n, ‡p
Statement of responsibility
245/242 ‡c
Edition/issue designation
250 ‡a, ‡b
Numbering
362 ‡a
Brief entry for manifestation (first segment):
matching done on title, statement of responsibility, edition statement, and numbering
create first part of brief entry for manifestations in which those elements are identical

27. Hierarchical Displays (4) Brief entry for the manifestation – imprint
Publisher/distributor
260 ‡b
Publisher/distributor
260 ‡a
Date of publication/distribution
260 ‡c
Date of publication/distribution
260 ‡c
Brief entry for manifestation (second segment):
matching done on publisher and date
create second part of brief entry for manifestations in which those elements are identical

28. Hierarchical Displays (5) Brief entry for the manifestation – physical description / standard number
Form of carrier
Extent of carrier
300 ‡a
Dimensions of carrier
300 ‡c
Physical medium
Capture mode
Playing speed, groove width, kind of cutting, tape configuration, kind of sound, special reproduction characteristics
Colour, polarity, presentation format
File characteristics
300 ‡b
Brief entry for manifestation (third segment):
extract data on form of carrier, extent, dimensions, etc. and standard number
create third part of brief entry
Brief entry linked to full record for manifestation
Reduction ratio
340 ‡f
Manifestation identifier
B: 020/027/074 S:022/030/074
O: 024/028/074

29. Hierarchical Displays Example: Michael Ondaatje’s The English Patient
Ondaatje, Michael, 1943?
The English patient
Citation for work
Text - English
Guide card for expression
The English patient / by Michael Ondaatje
Vintage Books, 1993
305 p. ; 21 cm
ISBN 
Title/Edition/Numbering
Imprint
Physical description / Standard number 1
The English patient / Michael Ondaatje
Thorndike Press ; Chivers Press, 1997
455 p. (large print) : ill. ; 23 cm
ISBN 
Title/Edition/Numbering
Imprint
Physical description / Standard number 2
Example:
Work: Ondaatje’s The English Patient
Expressions:
texts in English (grouped together)
sound recordings in English (grouped together)
Manifestations:
regular print edition issued by Vintage Books in 1993
large print edition issued by Thorndike Press in 1997
talking book version issued on cassette by Macmillan Audio Books in 1997
[not shown] same talking book version also issued by Macmillan in 1997 on compact disc
Sound recording - English
Guide card for expression
The English patient / by Michael Ondaatje
Macmillan Audio Books, p1997
2 sound cassettes (ca. 4 hrs.) : analog
ISBN 
Title/Edition/Numbering
Imprint
Physical description / Standard number 3

30. Conclusions Compatibility, conversion, correlation
High level of compatibility between MARC 21 and the FRBR model
Conversion from MARC 21 to an FRBR record structure requires complex processing routines
Residue of unmapped data
Hierarchical displays reflecting FRBR relationships using subset of MARC 21 data elements
COMPATIBILITY
50% of data elements in MARC 21 map to FRBR model as defined by IFLA Study Group
90% of remainder map to extended FRBR model
25% of all mappings are problematic
CONVERSION
Virtually every field in MARC 21 requires processing at the subfield level
Conversion routines for 25% of data elements in MARC 21 require processing of individual code values and text strings
Relationship data required to map to fully articulated FRBR record structure not always present in MARC 21
Small number of data elements cannot be mapped automatically (e.g., general notes, subfields for miscellaneous information, etc.)
CORRELATION
Primary hierarchical relationships between work, expression, and manifestation can be reflected by creating enhanced “index” displays using MARC 21 data mapped to key FRBR attributes