1. Introduction
Chapter Introduction
This chapter will introduce you to The Age of Exploration. You will learn how voyages of discovery led Europeans to the Americas and how colonization helped trade grow.
Section 1: The Voyages of Discovery
Section 2: The Conquest of the Americas
Section 3: The Growth of Trade

2. Academic Vocabulary ivory—n., a hard white substance from the tusk of
The Voyages of Discovery
Academic Vocabulary
ivory—n., a hard white substance from the tusk of
an animal such as an elephant
The white keys on a piano used to be made from ivory.
treacherous—adj., dangerous or hazardous
Sharp rocks below the surface made the river treacherous.
Tell students to use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the terms, they can read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

3. Key Ideas During the Renaissance, Europeans sought to
The Voyages of Discovery
Key Ideas
During the Renaissance, Europeans sought to
profit from trade with Asian lands.
New technologies made long ocean voyages
possible.
The voyages of Columbus and other explorers
gave Europeans a new view of the world.

4. Key Terms missionary—member of a religious order who
The Voyages of Discovery
Key Terms
missionary—member of a religious order who
encourages people to convert to a particular
religion
circumnavigate—to sail completely around
something
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Age of Exploration chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

5. Key Terms cartography—the science of making maps and globes
The Voyages of Discovery
Key Terms
cartography—the science of making maps
and globes
caravel—a small, narrow ship with two or
three masts and triangular sails
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Age of Exploration chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

6. Why Did Europeans Explore?
The Voyages of Discovery
Why Did Europeans Explore?
Italian merchants grew wealthy trading with Asia.
Other Europeans wanted access to this trade without using Italian merchants.
As a result, European explorers looked for a sea route to Asia. Traders especially wanted Asian spices.
European missionaries also wanted to convert people in other lands to Christianity.

7. Early Portuguese Explorations
The Voyages of Discovery
Early Portuguese Explorations
Prince Henry the Navigator made contact with Africa for trade in ivory, gold, and slaves. He also sponsored and trained many explorers.
Portuguese captain Bartholomeu Dias was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa.
Vasco da Gama sailed all the way to India and then returned to Portugal with spices in 1498.

8. Columbus and Other Explorers
The Voyages of Discovery
Columbus and Other Explorers
Sailing for Spain, Christopher Columbus tried to reach Asia by going west. Instead, he landed in the Americas.
Pedro Cabral led a Portuguese fleet to the Indian Ocean. On the way, he landed on the coast of Brazil.
Amerigo Vespucci concluded that the Americas were previously undiscovered lands.
Ferdinand Magellan found a strait around the tip of South America. His expedition circumnavigated the globe.

9. Exploring the World The Voyages of Discovery
Students may also refer to this map in Section 1 of the Student Edition to see the routes more clearly.

10. The Conquest of the Americas
Academic Vocabulary
devastate—v., to bring to chaos, disorder, or ruin The raging fire devastated the neighborhood.
pagan—adj., related to a religion with many gods The archaeologist found the ruins of an ancient pagan temple.
Have students use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the words, they can read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

11. Key Ideas Spanish explorers defeated the Aztec and Incan empires.
The Conquest of the Americas
Key Ideas
Spanish explorers defeated the Aztec and
Incan empires.
Conquest enriched Spain, but devastated
the peoples of Mesoamerica and the Andes.

12. Key Terms conquistador—a Spanish explorer or soldier
The Conquest of the Americas
Key Terms
conquistador—a Spanish explorer or soldier
who conquered territory
colonization—the process of establishing
settlements called colonies
bullion—precious metals melted into bars
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Age of Exploration chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

13. Key Terms quipu—a series of knotted strings on which
The Conquest of the Americas
Key Terms
quipu—a series of knotted strings on which
the Incas recorded information such as counts
of people and goods, and Incan history
immunity—the ability of a body to fight
disease
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Age of Exploration chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

14. The Conquest of the Americas
Aztecs and Incas
Spanish conquistadors built colonies on Caribbean islands and then on the mainland.
Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs in Mexico. The Spanish killed the emperor Moctezuma and took over the city of Tenochtitlan.
The Incan empire in South America suffered from civil war and an epidemic of smallpox.
Francisco Pizarro and a group of Spanish conquistadors conquered the weakened Incas.

15. American Empires The Conquest of the Americas
Have students refer to the map in Section 2 of the Student Edition to see the empire borders more clearly.

16. of Two American Empires
The Conquest of the Americas
The Conquest
of Two American Empires
Have students used what they learned in Section 2 of the Student Edition to add important events to this timeline. Remind them that this timeline may be found in their Student Journals.

17. The Conquest’s Long-Term Effects
The Conquest of the Americas
The Conquest’s Long-Term Effects
Spain gained wealth from its American colonies.
Ships carried gold and silver bullion to Spain.
Spain also imported tons of dried cochineal insects
used to make red dye.
Much native culture was lost. The Spanish burned
records, melted down gold objects, and destroyed
temples and cities.
Millions of natives died from epidemics of smallpox
and other diseases.

18. The Conquest of the Americas
Three Worlds Meet
Spanish America had a diverse mix of Native American, European, and African people.
Native American artistic styles, foods, and travel methods influenced colonists.
Spanish language, laws, religion, diet, and building styles shaped colonial life.
Africans brought farming methods, foods, drama, music, and religion to the Americas.

19. Academic Vocabulary staple—adj., used or needed regularly
The Growth of Trade
Academic Vocabulary
staple—adj., used or needed regularly
For many Americans, bread is a staple food.
enormous—adj., very large
The circus elephant was enormous.
incentive—n., something that leads to action George’s parents give him money as an incentive to study.
Have students use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the words, they can read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

20. Key Ideas The voyages of discovery started a global
The Growth of Trade
Key Ideas
The voyages of discovery started a global
exchange of people, goods, and ideas.
European nations embraced the concept of
mercantilism.
Economic changes in Europe led to the
development of capitalism.

21. Key Terms Columbian Exchange—the transfer of
The Growth of Trade
Key Terms
Columbian Exchange—the transfer of
people, other living things, and ideas between
the Eastern and Western hemispheres
mercantilism—an economic policy that
promotes strengthening a nation by expanding
its trade and bringing in wealth in the form of
precious metals
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Age of Exploration chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

22. Key Terms capitalism—an economic system in
The Growth of Trade
Key Terms
capitalism—an economic system in
which business is privately owned and
operated for profit
Inflation—a general rise in prices
cottage industry—a system in which
people work in their own homes and use
their own equipment to manufacture
goods for others
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Age of Exploration chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

23. Key Terms traditional economy—an economy in
The Growth of Trade
Key Terms
traditional economy—an economy in
which the exchange of goods is based on
custom or tradition
market economy—an economy in which
prices and the distribution of goods are
based on competition in a market
Students should use the Word Wise feature in the Age of Exploration chapter of their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

24. Movement Between Hemispheres
The Growth of Trade
Movement Between Hemispheres
Columbus’s voyages linked the Western Hemisphere—the Americas—to the Eastern Hemisphere.
Many people migrated from Europe to the Americas. Enslaved Africans were also taken to the Americas.
In the Columbian Exchange, people, plants, animals, and diseases moved between the hemispheres.
Having new crops and animals changed many lives.

25. Mapping the Columbian Exchange
The Growth of Trade
Mapping the Columbian Exchange
From the Western Hemisphere
Corn
Potatoes
Beans
Peanuts
Pumpkins
Turkeys
Cacao
Tomatoes
From the Eastern Hemisphere
Wheat
Sugar
Bananas
Rice
Coffee
Horses
Pigs
Chickens
Have students refer to the Columbian Exchange feature in Section 3 of the Student Edition to learn more details.

26. Promoting Trade and Wealth
The Growth of Trade
Promoting Trade and Wealth
Europeans began to practice mercantilism. It was a policy that favored trading goods for silver and gold.
Mercantilists wanted to use wealth to build up their country’s army and navy.
European countries taxed imports to keep out foreign goods.
They also acquired colonies that would provide raw materials and buy products.

27. Mercantilism in the Tea Trade
The Growth of Trade
Mercantilism in the Tea Trade
Tea Drinking Leads to New Industries
Transporting Tea by Sea
Tea Strengthens England’s Economy
Refer students to the feature Mercantilism in the Tea Trade Section 3 for more information on how tea drinking affected the English economy. Help students understand that in a mercantilist system, many different kinds of industries are interconnected and the economic effects of mercantilism have far-reaching fiscal ripples.
Tea Changes Eating and Drinking Habits
Sugar Production Increases

28. The Growth of Trade
Economic Changes
Expanded trade, an increased money supply, and overseas colonies spurred the growth of capitalism.
In the price revolution, a growing demand for goods and a bigger supply of gold and silver led to inflation.
Rising prices helped landowners make profits. Many forced peasants off their land and began to raise sheep.
Many merchants hired people to make cloth in a system known as cottage industry.

29. Tulipmania In the 1630s, frenzy over a single good—
The Growth of Trade
Tulipmania
In the 1630s, frenzy over a single good—
the tulip bulb—took hold in the Netherlands.
Have students refer to the feature in Section 3 for more details about Tulipmania. Help students understand the relative values of prices in the chart above. Encourage students to think about other speculation bubbles of recent memory such as the housing bubble or the dot.com bubble.