1. OPTION E E3 INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR

2. Animal Behavior
Behavior – an animal’s response to stimuli in its environment
capacity for behavior is
Learning involves persistent changes in behavior that result from experience
Most behavior is
Behavioral ecology ( ) is the study of
Natural selection tends to favor behaviors that contribute to the survival of an animal allowing it to pass its genes to its offspring

3. Behavior depends on the interaction of genes and environmental factors
All behavior has a genetic basis, the capacity to learn is inherited
Behavior involves all body systems, but depends primarily on

4. Behaviors are influenced by the
human baby cannot walk until muscles and neurons are sufficiently developed)
Behaviors are influenced by
a young sparrow is hatched with a rough genetic pattern of its song but requires social interaction and listening to adult males to develop its ability to sing its specific song)

5. E3.1 Distinguish between innate and learned behavior.
Innate Behavior Learned Behavior
 Instinctive – ___________ based  Based on ____________
 Not modified by the individual  Modified by trial and error
 _________ through population  _________ within population
 Unaffected by environment  Affected by environment
 ___________________ are  __________________ may be
product of natural selection product of natural selection
 e.g. suckling in newborns  e.g. __________
__________ of blackcaps response to predators
hunting instinct

6. Many behaviors depend on (example – walking in newborn gazelles)
Innate Behavior
Many behaviors depend on (example – walking in newborn gazelles)
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) –

7. Innate Behavior Example:
Egg-rolling in European graylag goose – when an egg is removed from nest and placed in front of goose, she will reach out with her neck and roll egg back into nest. If egg is quickly removed during egg-rolling, goose will continue head and neck movements even though egg is gone

8. Innate Behavior FAPs can be triggered by a – a simple signal that
ex: male stickleback fish aggressive response to red stripe
Male will ignore the realistic looking fish with no stripe but attack the blobs with red bellies

9. Learned Behavior
Animals learn from experience – Learning is a change in behavior due to experience
Habituation –
ex: pigeons in a city park learn by repeated harmless encounters that humans are not dangerous and don’t waste energy constantly flying away

10. Learned Behavior Imprinting –
newly hatched birds imprint on the first moving object (even a human or inanimate object) – usually object is their mother
Process of imprinting is genetically determined but the bird learns to respond to a particular animal or object

11. Konrad Lorenz demonstrated imprinting in graylag geese:
He divided a batch of eggs into two groups:
One group was reared normally by the mother and showed normal behavior (following mother around for food, shelter and protection)
The other batch was isolated from mother and hatched in an incubator
Goslings spent the first few hours after hatching with Lorenz
Imprinting occurred and gosling treated Lorenz as their mother
These goslings became socially dysfunctional in adult life – they continued to prefer Lorenz to other geese and even attempted to mate with humans

13. E3.2 Design experiments to investigate innate behavior in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis.
Taxis
Plural, _________
An innate ____________ movement __________ (positive) or ________________ (negative) some stimulus.

14. E3.2 Design experiments to investigate innate behavior in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis.
Taxis
___________ are model species for innate behavior studies:
ex: positive _________ = move toward warmer areas of water
positive _________ = move toward acids released by
bacteria (their food)
negative _________ = avoid high concentrations of
harmful chemicals

15. E3.2 Design experiments to investigate innate behavior in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis.
kinesis
Plural, ________
An innate ______________ movement in response to a stimulus.
May be merely starting or stopping, changing _____, or __________ more or less frequently.
Animals do not move toward or away from specific conditions, but since they slow down in a favorable environment, they tend to stay there

16. E3.2 Design experiments to investigate innate behavior in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis.
kinesis
_______________ in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)
______________________ altered as response to stimulus
___________ of testing chamber is adjusted and behavior is measured
Floor of chamber has ______
Movement is video recorded for __________________

17. E3.2 Design experiments to investigate innate behavior in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis.
kinesis
Orthokinesis in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)
Video played back, with ______________________ counted as movement in the time period
______________________ calculated as number of squares crossed per second (mean of six runs)

18. E3.2 Design experiments to investigate innate behavior in invertebrates, including either a taxis or a kinesis.
kinesis
_______________ in pillbugs (Porcello scaber)
________________ altered as response to stimulus
Same as orthokinesis, but with ______________ per unit time as the basis for calculation

19. E3.3 Analyze data from invertebrate behavior experiments in terms of the effect on chances of survival and reproduction.
In this investigation, pillbugs (P. scaber) were given a choice chamber test.
One chamber contained _______ filter paper, the other _____.

20. E3.3 Analyze data from invertebrate behavior experiments in terms of the effect on chances of survival and reproduction.
In the sample data, the overall movement of pillbugs is to the __________ chamber. When the experiment is repeated, results are consistent.
Those innate behaviors that are ________ (such as finding moisture) give an individual a ________ and ___________ advantage.
As innate behaviors
are genetic, they are
______________, and
proliferate in the
population.

21. E3.4 Discuss how the process of learning can improve the chance of survival.
Innate behaviors are inherited from parents as _____. They
develop by __________________ and thus are suited to better
adapted species to its environment. Therefore, they
increase an animal’s chances for survival.
Learned behaviors develop as a result of __________. They
enable animals to _________ their behaviors in response to
changing environmental conditions. This increases the
chance of survival by learning new behavioral patterns.
While learned behavior itself is not passed on through
genetics, the ____________________ may be.
Some chimpanzees learn to catch termites by poking sticks into termite mounds.
Birds learn to avoid eating orange and black striped cinnabar moth caterpillars, after associating their coloration and unpleasant taste.
Many bird species learn to take avoiding action when they hear alarm calls warning them of a predator.
Foxes learn to avoid touching electric fences after receiving an electric shock.
In Britain, hedgehogs have learned to run across busy roads, instead of rolling up into a ball.
The intelligence of crow
Chimpanzee tool use

22. E3.5 outline Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning of dogs.

23. E3.5 outline Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning of dogs.
___________________ is a method of associative learning.
Ivan Pavlov trained dogs to _____________________ to a stimulus, based on the dogs’ expected outcomes of the behavior.
Classical conditioning results in an ___________________ to a stimulus (e.g. a bell ring)

24. E3.5 outline Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning of dogs.

25. E3.5 outline Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning of dogs.
______________________
- automatic response to a stimulus (i.e. food causes salivation)
_______________________
- does not elicit response (i.e. bell does not cause salivation)
- neutral and unconditioned
stimuli applied together
(i.e. dog associates bell with
food, and salivates)
- Ringing the bell results in
salivation, even without food present.

26. E3.5 outline Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning of dogs.
______________________ is another conditioning method proposed by BF Skinner
_______________________: Reward desired behavior
Ex: A rat is placed in a cage with a moveable bar. Random actions of rat result in it pressing the bar & rat receives food. Rat learns the association between pressing bar and obtaining food.

27. E3.5 outline Pavlov’s experiments into conditioning of dogs.
: Reward a desired behavior by taking away a negative stimulus
Ex: Electric shock in floor is turned off by rat hitting lever. Random actions of rat lead rat to hit lever, turning off shock. Rat learns to hit lever right away.

28. E3.6 Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds.
Birdsong is a strong indicator of _____________________.
Birdsong development is due to both _________ and ___________ behavior.
This leads to ____________________ – usually the female selects mates based on their perceived levels of reproductive fitness.
The basis of much birdsong is ___________, though needs to be refined with learning.
Example: _______________ ability to mimic any sound in its environment
The amazing lyre bird

29. E3.6 Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds.
Bird usually hatch with a ____________
_________ that prevents them from
learning from the wrong species.
_____________ takes place in the
sensitive period early in the
development (__________ learning).
By listening and practicing the calls
of the adult birds, the chick modifies
its song to “______”.
One reason why captive birds are
not reproductively successful in the
wild is that they ___________________
with the correct mature song.