1. The ANITA grade and the Magnoliid Complex
Spring 2011

2. Major Angiosperm Clades
Amborellaceae
Nymphaeales
Austrobaileyales
MAGNOLIID
COMPLEX
MONOCOTS
EUDICOTS
[TRICOLPATES]
ANITA
GRADE
Soltis et al. 2000,
APG II 2002,
Judd et al. 2002 2

3. Basal Angiosperms: Nymphaeaceae (Water Lily Family)
Widespread, tropics to temperate regions
Aquatic rhizomatous herbs, sap milky
70 species; 8 genera
Flowers: many parts; laminar stamens; “floating”; colorful perianth; “beetle” pollination syndrome
Special uses: ornamentals; sacred lotus
Required taxa: Nymphaea (water lily)

4. Basal Angiosperms: Nymphaeaceae (Water-lily Family)
numerous petals, stamens, carpels
laminar stamens
pollen monosulcate
stigma discoid, radiating
berry-like fruit, dehiscent
perisperm (from the sporophyte)
usually lack vessels (or have tracheid-like vessels)

5. Nymphaea odorata – Water Lily

6. Beetle pollination syndrome
Flowers often green or white
Flowers with various but strong scents
Can open during the day or night
Flowers open or enclosed
Nectar and/or pollen reward
See Table 4.1 in Judd et al.

7. Nymphaea tuberosa Water Lily

8. Nuphar Water Lily

9. Victoria amazonica – Giant Water Lily

10. Major Angiosperm Clades
Amborellaceae
Nymphaeales
Austrobaileyales
MAGNOLIID
COMPLEX
MONOCOTS
EUDICOTS
[TRICOLPATES]
ANITA
GRADE
Soltis et al. 2000,
APG II 2002,
Judd et al. 2002 10

11. Angiosperm Evolution: Pollen
Basic division in distinguishing angiosperms is NOT monocot versus dicot!!
Basic distinction is the number of pores or sulcae (grooves) in the pollen grains.
Trends in pollen evolution clearly show a shift from uniaperturate pollen found in gymnosperms and the basal angiosperms to triaperturate pollen found in the more derived flowering plants.
Plesiomorphic condition in angiosperms is one sulcus (monocolpate).
Fossil record is quite good to document this transformation in pollen type.

12. Figure 9.1 from the text,
Showing monocolpate to
Tricolpate pollen

13. Magnoliid characters “Magnocots”
2-ranked leaves, paracytic stomates
Perianth generally 3-merous
Stamens and carpels: distinct,
numerous, spirally arranged
Boat-shaped, monosulcate pollen
Superior ovary
Seeds with fleshy seed coat/aril in many;
minute embryo, copious endosperm
Many anatomical characters (esp. wood)

14. Magnoliids—Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae (The Magnolia Family)
Temperate to tropical regions of eastern North America; east Asia, South America
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves
Number of species: 2 genera, 220 species
Flowers: apocarpous; anthers laminar, large number; receptacle elongated
Significant features: Aromatic; fruit an aggregate of follicles in Magnolia or winged samaras in Liriodendron
Special uses: ornamentals; timber
Required taxa: Magnolia

15. aggregate of follicles many spirally arranged parts
Magnoliaceae
solitary flower
elongate receptacle
aggregate of follicles
woody plant
simple leaves
stipules
many spirally arranged parts
separate carpels
laminar stamens
Magnolia virginiana
sweetbay

16. Magnolia X soulangeana

17. Within the family,
Magnolia is
diagnosed by:
-presence of a red
or orange fleshy
seed coat
-follicles opening
along the abaxial
seam

18. Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Poplar Tree

19. Magnoliids—Piperales: Piperaceae
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions.
Primarily herbs; sometimes epiphytic; small trees
Diversity: 2,020 species, 6 genera
Flowers: minute, densely packed in thick spikes; no perianth (!); carpels 1-4, connate, with 1 ovule per gynoecium, basal placentation; fruit usually a drupe.
Significant features: stem with bundles in >1 ring or + scattered
Special uses: Piper nigrum (black pepper); Piper betle (betel pepper), ornamentals (Peperomia)
Family not required; for information only

20. Peperomia

21. Piper nigrum – Black pepper

22. Magnoliids—Piperales: Aristolochiaceae (Dutchman’s Pipe or Birthwort Family)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; absent in Australia.
Lianas or herbs, occasionally shrubs
Diversity: ca. 460 species, 7 genera
Flowers: Highly modified, showy, fused sepals, radial or bilateral, tubular, and S-shaped or pipe shaped calyx tube; corolla usually lacking or vestigial; ovary more or less inferior, of (4-)6 connate carpels; ovules numerous; filaments more or less adnate to style.
Significant features: “dead meat” carrion coloration attracts insects, usually flies. Trap-flowers.
Special uses: ornamentals; some medicinal uses.
Required taxa: Asarum, Aristolochia

23. Asarum (wild ginger) -stemless perennial with aromatic rhizomes
-flowers actinomorphic
-filament tips extending beyond the anthers
-ovary inferior
-fruit a fleshy capsule, seeds large

24. Characters of Aristolochia (Dutchman’s pipe)
Tropical or warm temperate regions
Perennial herbs or shrubs, twining or climbing or sometimes upright
Calyx tubular, greenish or purplish
Anthers sessile, strongly adnate to the short and fleshy style
“trap” flowers

25. Ceratophyllaceae
-Submerged aquatic with many adaptations for this habitat -Fossil record extends back to the early Cretaceous -Phylogenetic position uncertain, but clearly part of the early radiation of angiosperms above the ANITA grade

26. On to the monocots…
...clearly monophyletic…superbly apomorphic! ! !