1. Compounding Prof. Walid Amer: Dean of the faculty of Arts
Islamic University of Gaza

2. The components of Compounding words:

3. To combine between such two elements, we have to take in consideration the relationship:
Syntactic relationship: like part of speech, co-ordination, verb and object, qualifier and noun, adverb and noun ,denoting the subject or the object.
Semantic relationship: denoting place or time, purpose, means or instrument, resemblance, and sex.

4. Example: dog food is a type of food. Exocentric
Types of Compounds
Endocentric
The meaning of the compound is classified according to the meaning of its components
Example: dog food is a type of food.
Exocentric
The meaning of the compound doesn't result from its component
Example: Red head is a person with red head, not a type of head.

5. Compounds formation Types of Compound nouns:
Solid or Closed form: consists of monosyllabic units.
Examples: lawsuit, wallpaper, makeup.
Hyphenated form: two or more units are combined by hyphens.
Examples: good-for-nothing, salt-and-pepper.
Opened or Spaced form: long words such as : distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis.

6. Analyzability: ( Transparency):
The meaning of the compound can be analyzed in different ways:
1. The relationship is attributive. The meaning of a compound noun is a specialization of the meaning of the head. The modifier limits the meaning. (endocentric compounds) Example: blackboard.
2. The relationships are expressed by prepositions, there is no obvious semantic head. (exocentric compounds)
Examples: Footstool, armchair, office manager.
3. The meaning could be a generalization when the meaning could be induced from both units.
Example: fighter bomber: it is an aircraft which is both fighter and bomber.

7. Types of Compound adjectives Solid modifiers:
Compound Adjectives: It is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes where the left-hand morpheme narrows or changes the modification of the right hand one.
Types of Compound adjectives
Solid modifiers:
Overtime usage: blackboard, downtown.
Number with fold as a suffix: sixfold, fifteenfold.
Points of compass: northwest, northwester

9. Compound Verbs
It is usually composed of a modifier and a verb. The modifier is usually a preposition but it can be an adverb, an adjective, a noun
Examples:
Overrate, downsize, whitewash, browbeat.

10. Phrasal verbs: Examples:
They are a combination of verb and prepositions. A phrasal verb is used in an idiomatic, figurative or even metaphorical context.
The meaning of each word cannot be determined separately.
Examples:
Give in, find out, look after, blame on, serve as, look up to, etc.

11. Compounding in Arabic:

12. Other categories Compound Numbers: from 11 to 19
Compound particles الحروف المركبة
( انما ، ربما، ريثما، حيثما، كيفما ، سيما ولا سيما )
*Defective verb Compounds:
ما برح ، ما دام ، ما زال، ما فتئ
*Two interrogative pronouns
ماذا و منذا
*proper noun:
القاموس المحيط
التل الكبير

13. Compound Nouns: The structure (N+ Adj. ): the read seaالبحر الاحمر
A different syntactic structure: قسم من اقسام الكلام
Arabic possessive or Genitive structure:
طلوع النهار ، عابر سبيل

14. Compound Adjective Single-word adjectives: Trustworthyموثوق
Adj.+ Adj. : bitter sweetمر حلو dark blueازرق غامق
Simile: red-hotحار كالجمر blood-redاحمر كالدم
N+ Adj.+ Adj.: usually employing a prep.
Sea-sickمصاب بدوران البحر blood thirstyمتعطش للدماء
Adv+ Adj. are rendered by possessive:
Ever greenدائم الخضرة ever-ripe زائد الخضرة