1. Microbes, Viruses, & Diseases
Ch. 18
Ch. 19
Ch. 20

2. Prokaryotes: Before kernel  No
membrane bound organelles
Least complex
Small circular chromosome
May be G + or G – depending on
cell wall

3. Protist – First to develop membrane bound organelles
Consists of organisms (single and multi) that can’t be classified as Plant, Fungi or Animals.
 known as Trash Can Kingdom

4. Plantae – Multicellular, vascular autotrophs
Grey line from autotrophic protists to plants

5. Fungi – Heterotrphs which secrete digestive enzymes into food in order to digest them
Most multicellular, some single, few (?)

6. Animalia – Multicellular heterotrophs
No cell walls, and most can move (at least during some part of their life cycle – sponges)

7. Bacteria – EXTREME or normal?
Archaebacteria live in typically harsh environments
Eubacteria live in milder or environments that would be normal to “eu” and me!

8. Good, Bad and the Ugly
Act as Decomposers, Nitrogen fixers (good for plants), or even food or clean up agents (oil spills)
Few are pathogenic and can cause harmful diseases.

9. How They Work Binary fission Procaryotic cell division:
Binary fission is the process by which most procaryotes replicate.
Binary fission generally involves the separation of a single cell into two more or less identical daughter cells, each containing, among other things, at least one copy of the parental DNA.
No membrane bound organelles  less to worry about

10. Stepwise process:
The first steps of binary fission include cell elongation and DNA replication.
The cell envelope then pinches inward, eventually meeting.
A cross wall is formed and ultimately two distinct cells are present, each essentially identical to the original parent cell.

11. Cell Structure

12. Cell Wall Structure Catches and holds on to purple stain
Purple stain washes away and is replaced by red safrin.

14. Who Cares What Kind of Bacteria It Is?
Identification methods help doctors to treat bacterial infections.
G-stains help to classify bacteria because some antibiotics attack their cell wall  killing G+ bacteria but not harming G- bacteria (why?)

15. Cell shape Streptococci Streptobaccillus Staphylococcus Cocci Baccili
Spirillia
Staphylococcus

16. Viruses

20. Ways of control (killing ‘em) – if they can be killed (?)
Bacteria
Prevention
Immune system
Vaccines
Antibiotics
Sterilizing
Autoclave
Chemical
Viruses
Prevention
Immune system
Vaccines
ANTIBIOTICS DON’T WORK !!!
Sterilizing
More Prevention
Anything that would denature (destroy) proteins or NT’s

21. Autoclaves are really nothing more than oversized pressure cookers
By increasing the pressure of the air you can increase the boiling point of water from 100° C to 120° C  killing all bacteria

22. Prevention ?!?
Doctors could not believe that they could be the ones causing illness  it was very difficult to get them to use sterile techniques at first.
Lister proved this need
It is not yet proven that all infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms, and therefore, one must demonstrate the parasitic nature of each particular disease. “Essays of Robert Koch", Greenwood Press, N.Y., 1987

23. How they bypass our defenses
 in envelope proteins (viruses)
Sporulation – when bact. form a thick wall around the chromosome and go dormant
Resists dehydration, extreme temps, chemicals etc.