1. Pharmacokinetics of Peptide and Protein Therapeutics

2. Gastrointestinal Protein Metabolism
As pointed out earlier, the GIT is a major site of protein metabolism with high proteolytic enzyme activity due to its primary function to digest dietary proteins.
Thus, gastrointestinal metabolism is one of the major factors limiting systemic bioavailability of orally administered protein drugs.
The metabolic activity of the GIT is not limited to orally administered proteins. Parenterally administered peptides and proteins may also be metabolized in the intestinal mucosa following intestinal secretion.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

3. Renal Protein Metabolism
The kidneys are a major site of protein metabolism for smaller-sized proteins that undergo glomerular filtration.
The size-selective cutoff for glomerular filtration is approximately 60 kDa, although the effective molecule radius based on molecular weight and conformation is probably the limiting factor
Glomerular filtration is most efficient, however, for proteins smaller than 30 kDa. Peptides and small proteins (<5 kDa) are filtered very efficiently, and their glomerular filtration clearance approaches the GFR (~120 mL/min in humans).
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

4. Renal Protein Metabolism
For molecular weights exceeding 30 kDa, the filtration rate falls off sharply.
In addition to size selectivity, charge selectivity has also been observed for glomerular filtration where anionic macro-molecules pass through the capillary wall less readily than neutral macromolecules, which in turn pass through less readily than cationic macromolecules.
Renal metabolism of peptides and small proteins is mediated through three highly effective processes. As a result, only minuscule amounts of intact protein are detectable in urine.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

5. Renal Protein Metabolism
The first mechanism involves glomerular filtration of larger, complex peptides and proteins followed by reabsorption into endocytic vesicles in the proximal tubule and subsequent hydrolysis into small peptide fragments and amino acids.
This mechanism of elimination has been described for IL-2, IL-11, growth hormone, and insulin.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

6. Renal Protein Metabolism
The second mechanism entails glomerular filtration followed by intraluminal metabolism, predominantly by exopeptidases in the luminal brush border membrane of the proximal tubule.
The resulting peptide fragments and amino acids are reabsorbed into the systemic circulation. This route of disposition applies to small linear peptides such as glucagon and LH-RH.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

7. Renal Protein Metabolism
Recent studies implicate the proton-driven peptide transporters PEPT1 and especially PEPT2 as the main route of cellular uptake of small peptides and peptide-like drugs from the glomerular filtrates.
These high-affinity transport proteins seem to exhibit selective uptake of di and tripeptides, which implicates their role in renal amino acid homeostasis.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

8. Renal Protein Metabolism
For both mechanisms, glomerular filtration is the dominant, rate-limiting step as subsequent degradation processes are not saturable under physiologic conditions.
Due to this limitation of renal elimination, the renal contribution to the overall elimination of proteins is dependent on the proteolytic activity for these proteins in other body regions.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

9. Renal Protein Metabolism
If metabolic activity for these proteins is high in other body regions, there is only minor renal contribution to total clearance, and it becomes negligible in the presence of unspecific degradation throughout the body.
If the metabolic activity is low in other tissues or if distribution to the extravascular space is limited, however , the renal contribution to total clearance may approach 100%.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

10. Renal Protein Metabolism
The involvement of glomerular filtration in the renal metabolism of therapeutic proteins implies that the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic proteins below the molecular weight or hydrodynamic volume cutoff size
for filtration will be affected by renal impairment.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

11. Renal Protein Metabolism
Indeed, it has been reported that the systemic exposure and elimination half-life increases with decreasing glomerular filtration rate for recombinant human interleukin-10 (18 kDa), recombinant human growth hormone (22 kDa), and the recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist (17.3 kDa).
Consistent with these theoretical considerations is also the observation that for monoclonal antibodies (150 kDa) such as rituximab, cetuximab, bevacizumab, and trastuzumab, no effect of renal impairment on their disposition has been reported.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…

12. Renal Protein Metabolism
The third mechanism of renal metabolism is peritubular extraction of peptides and proteins from post-glomerular capillaries with subsequent intracellular metabolism.
Experiments using radio iodinated growth hormone (125I-rGH) have demonstrated that while reabsorption into endocytic vesicles at the proximal tubule is still the dominant route of disposition, a small percentage of the hormone may be extracted from the peritubular capillaries.
Peritubular transport of proteins and peptides from the basolateral membrane has also been shown for insulin.
There are 2 regulatory definitions : -
Read from slides…
The US definition is preferred as it is felt that many conventional tablets or chewable tablets would comply with the EU definition though they aren’t truly fast melt in the same way as Zydis or many of the other true fast dispersion technologies.
< 5 seconds melt in the mouth is typical for some dosage forms. Patients could become adverse to the technology if the take a tablet that disperses over 3 minutes…