1. Ecology
Big Ideas

2. Energy Energy flows through every ecological system
Inputs = what goes into the ecosystem
Outputs = what goes out of the system

3. Food Webs
Increased biodiversity means a healthier ecosystem

4. Energy Transfer between Trophic Levels
Producers make up largest biomass

5. Bioaccumulations
Toxins cannot be removed and increase in amount between trophic levels

6. Carbon Cycle Cycles carbon through the ecosystem
Contains photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Opposite chemical reactions

7. Nitrogen Cycle Cycles nitrogen through the system
Bacteria takes nitrogen from the atmosphere and transfers it to plants

8. Population Growth
Populations will grow exponentially if there are no limiting factors

9. Population Growth
Populations will reach carrying capacity because of limiting factors which include:
Abiotic (non-living)
Space & Water
Biotic (living)
Food & Predators

10. Population Density
Population Density is the number of living things in an area
Example:
500 moose in 10 sq. miles = 50 moose per mile

11. General Ecology
Non-native species usually DIE in a new environment, some survive and take over if they have no predators

12. Sustainability Maintaining resources for future use
Choices we can make now that support sustainability
Substituting renewable (?) for non-renewable (?) resources
Recycling
Using fewer resources

13. DNA and Genetics
Big Ideas

14. DNA & Genetics
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; is a code for your physical (phenotype) traits - PHYSICAL TRAIT

15. Proteins: can be used to make body structures, hormones and enzymes
Enzymes act to speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in the body
Ex. Digestion of food, making DNA, and regulating glucose

16. Genetics Vocabulary Phenotype: What your physically look like
Ex. Blue Eyes OR Brown Eyes
Genotype: What your genes are
Ex. Bb, bb, or BB

17. Vocabulary Dominant: Trait/gene that is shown
Ex. BB = Brown Eyes Bb = Brown Eyes
Recessive: Trait/gene that is hidden by a dominant gene
Ex. bb = Blue Eyes Bb = Brown Eyes

18. Vocabulary Heterozygous: different genes Homozygous: same genes
Ex. Bb for Brown Eyes
Homozygous: same genes
Ex. bb for Blue Eyes

19. Punnett Square: used to predict offspring
Ex. Two heterozygous bunnies are crossed; black fur is the dominant trait
Phenotype ratio
Ex. 25% white bunnies, 75% black bunnies
Genotype ratio
Ex. 25% bb, 50% Bb, 25% BB F f F FF Ff f Ff ff

20. Punnett Square Practice: Small Whiteboards

21. Earlobes (E)
A detached earlobe man (EE) has children with an attached earlobe woman (ee).
What are the possible genotypes (gene combination)?
What are the possible phenotypes (physical trait)?

22. A blue eyed male mates with a blue eyed female, what color eyes could the offspring have?
Blue eyes are recessive

23. A heterozygous tongue roller (Tt) mates with a non-tongue roller (tt), what percentage of their children will be tongue rollers?

24. Ear Wiggling (W)
What is the probability (percentage) that two homozygous recessive people will have a child that can wiggle their ears?
Can move ears = Dominant (although this may be variable)
Can’t move ears = Recessive

25. A homozygous recessive female with freckles (f) mates with a homozygous dominant male without freckles (F), what genotypes could their offspring have?

26. What is the percent chance two heterozygous tongue roller will have a non-tongue roller offspring?

27. Mitosis and Meiosis and Evolution
Big Ideas

28. Mitosis
Mitosis: produces two IDENTICAL cells from one cell for growth and repair

29. Meiosis Meiosis: produces four UNIQUE sex cells for reproduction
Females: Eggs
Males: Sperm
Allows for differences (variation) in populations

30. Mitosis and Meiosis

31. All living things are related to a
Evolution
Evolution: change over time
All living things are related to a
COMMON ANCESTOR!!!

32. Evidence of Evolution Evidence:
Presence of Fossils found in rock layers
Homologous and Vestigial Structures
Homologous: Similar Structures
Vestigial: Unused structures; whale pelvis, human wisdom teeth

33. Fossil Record
Homologous Structures

34. Evidence of Evolution DNA Comparisons Embryos
Humans and mice are 99% similar in DNA, so they are closely related
Embryos
Closely related organisms have similar embryos

35. DNA Comparisons
Embryos

36. Natural Selection
Natural Selection: “survival of the fittest, failure of the worst”
The “goal” of life is to survive and reproduce
Based on ability to survive in environment

37. Mutations in DNA: can (not always) lead to unique traits, which may help or hinder survival!!
Organism
Environment
Unique Trait
Bunny Rabbit
Winter
Cactus
Desert
Cheetah
African Savanna
Chameleon
Jungle
Peacock
Mating Season

38. Mutations

39. Balancing Biological Systems
Homeostasis

40. Homeostasis: regulation of systems to maintain balance
Two things can affect homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback

41. Negative Feedback Negative ≠ bad
Negative Feedback: increase causes decrease, decrease causes increase
Ex. Automatic Thermostat: if temperature decreases in room, then the temperature increases
Negative ≠ bad

43. Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback: increase causes increase; decrease causes decrease
Ex. No shower for 2 weeks: smell from bacteria growth increases on a daily basis
Positive ≠ good

45. Negative or Positive Feedback??
Deforestation
Regulating Body Temperature (too hot OR cold) N P
Immune System
Fighting Infection
Body is
Hungry N P

46. Choose two examples to complete a Negative Feedback Loop AND a Positive Feedback Loop
Identify what HOMEOSTASIS would be
Explain the STIMULUS that tells us homeostasis is not in balance
Identify the CONTROL CENTER in the body (if there is one) that recognizes the stimulus
Explain what RESPONSE occurs

47. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Big Ideas

48. Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposite chemical reactions

49. Photosynthesis: plants take carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) and make glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2)
Plants make their own food!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

50. Cellular Respiration: plants AND animals make energy (ATP) by transforming glucose (C6H12O6)and oxygen (O2) into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O)
CHEMICAL Energy in glucose is transformed into the energy to live (ATP)
Very similar to setting something on fire (combustion), which releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere