1. Chapter 8 (pgs.197F1-223) State Governments

2. Chapter 8 Section 1 (pgs.202-206) The States
Essential Question: What are some reserved powers of the states?
State Governments (pgs )
The Constitution established a federal government system that divide powers between the federal and state governments
Powers the Constitution gives to the federal government are delegated powers
Delegated Powers: powers given to the federal government by the U.S. Constitution
These powers include conducting foreign policy, printing money, maintaining post offices, & defending the country

3. Chapter 8 Section 1 (pgs.202-206) The States
State Governments (pgs ) – Powers Reserved to the States (pg.202)
The 10th Amendment ensures states their reserved powers
Reserved Powers: powers set aside by the U.S. Constitution for the states or for the people
These powers allow states to establish rules for local concerns dealing with health, safety, welfare of the citizens, and local governments.
Conducting all elections is also a reserved power s

4. Chapter 8 Section 1 (pgs.202-206) The States
State Governments (pgs ) – Concurrent Powers (pg.203)
The Federal System also allows the federal and state governments to share concurrent powers
Concurrent Powers: powers shared by the federal government and the states
These powers include taxing, borrowing and spending money, making and enforcing laws, and establishing courts

5. Chapter 8 Section 1 (pgs.202-206) The States
State Governments (pgs ) – State Constitutions (pg.205)
Every state has their own constitution that organizes their state government
These constitutions contain 6 similar elements 1) Preamble – It states the state’s basic governing principles
2) Bill of Rights –It lists rights guaranteed to all its citizens
3) Outline of the state government’s organization – It lists governing branches and spells out their duties
4) Elections Provisions – It lists election voting qualifications and conduction rules
5) State Affairs Management Provisions – It lists rules for policing, transportation, financing, education, etc.
6) Amendment Procedures – It states the method to follow for the amending the constitution and amendments that have been passed
What powers are granted to state governments?

6. Chapter 8 Section 1 (pgs.202-206) The States
Our Federal System (pgs )
States work and cooperate with other states and the federal government to meet all of their needs and to prosper
Our Federal System (pgs ) – States Work Together (pg.205)
States agree to work together when they sign the U.S. Constitution
The Full Faith and Credit Clause in Article IV, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution forces states to work together.
Full Faith and Credit Clause: the provision in the U.S. Constitution ensuring that each state will accept the decisions of civil courts in other states.
Including in this honor is the process of extradition
Extradition: a legal process for returning criminals to the place from which they fled

7. Chapter 8 Section 1 (pgs.202-206) The States
Our Federal System (pgs ) – States Work with the Federal Government (pgs )
States also with the federal government to share the cost of providing a wide range of social services for citizens
Examples of social services: natural disaster recovery, building highways, unemployment aid, welfare assistance, conserving natural resources, protecting against terrorism
Why do states cooperate with each other and the federal government?
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8. Chapter 8 Section 2 (pgs.207-211) State Legislatures
Essential Question: What are some similarities and differences between state legislatures and Congress (the federal legislature)?
State Legislatures (pgs )
Congress is the name for the federal government’s lawmaking body, states have different names for their lawmaking bodies
State Legislatures (pgs ) – Organization (pgs )
49-50 of the 50 states use a bicameral legislature like Congress
Bicameral Legislature: a lawmaking body consisting of two houses
Nebraska uses a unicameral legislature
Unicameral Legislature: a lawmaking body consisting of one house
Bills pass in a unicameral legislature are not check by another legislature body

9. Chapter 8 Section 2 (pgs.207-211) State Legislatures
State Legislatures (pgs ) – Organization (pgs )
The sizes of state legislatures vary greatly from 60 to 424 members/legislators
The legislators represent citizens who live in a particular district of the state
In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state districts must be equal in population to guarantee equal representation for all citizens
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10. Chapter 8 Section 2 (pgs.207-211) State Legislatures
State Legislatures (pgs ) – Qualifications and Terms (pgs )
The age requirement and length of term legislators served is determined by each state and varies nationwide.
State legislator requirements are most often less rigorous than the federal legislator requirements.
State Legislators (pgs ) – Compensation (pg.209)
The salaries that state legislators make also varies state to state.
Some states their legislators full-time salaries while others only provide part-time salaries.
State Legislators (pgs ) – Sessions and Leaders (pg.209)
How long and often state legislatures meets is determined by each state and varies greatly.
The Lieutenant Governor is often the presiding officer of the state’s Senate house.
What are some of the different ways that state legislatures are organized?

11. Chapter 8 Section 2 (pgs.207-211) State Legislatures
Passing State Laws (pgs )
The process of passing state laws is very similar to the process of passing federal laws.
1)The Bill is Introduce: a legislative member proposes a law.
2)The Bill is Sent to Committee: a legislative committee decides whether or not to pass, change, or reject the bill
3) The Bill Reaches the Floor: the legislative house vote on the houses final version of the bill
4) The Bill is Sent to the Second House: once passed by one house, the bill goes to the second house and repeats the first 3 steps
5) The Bill is Sent to a Joint Conference Committee: similar versions of the same bill are sent to a committee of members from both houses to create a compromise, single version of the bill
6) The Bill is Sent to the Governor: the final bill is sent to the governor who can likely either sign, veto, or item line veto the bill.
The governor’s options vary state to state
When in the legislative process can legislators amend bills?

12. Chapter 8 Section 2 (pgs.207-211) State Legislatures
How Citizens Participate in Lawmaking (pg.211)
As constituents, citizens often have more say in the state laws than federal laws
Constituents: people represented by members of a lawmaking body
How Citizens Participate in Lawmaking (pg.211) – Working in the Legislature (pg.211)
Citizen actively participate with legislatures by testifying, writing and speaking to legislators, attending meetings and hearings, and following legislation through various media sources

13. Chapter 8 Section 2 (pgs.207-211) State Legislatures
How Citizens Participate in Lawmaking (pg.211) – Bypassing the Legislature (pg.211)
Some state constitutions allow citizens to make laws themselves through an initiative.
Initiative: a process by which citizens of a state may propose a law by collecting signatures on a petition
Some state constitutions require citizens to approve bills passed by the state legislature before the bill can become a law. This is called a referendum.
Referendum: a method of referring a bill to the voters for approval before the bill can become a law.
Some state constitutions allow citizens to remove elected officials from office by recall.
Recall: a process by which voters may remove an elected official from office
Both recalls and initiatives require citizens to get a certain amount of signatures on a petition then a certain amount of vote on a state ballot
What are three ways that citizens are able to have a direct role in making laws?

14. Chapter 8 Section 3 (pgs.213-216) The State Executive Branch
Essential Question: Who is a state’s chief executive and what are their powers/duties?
The State’s Chief Executive (pgs )
Governor: the chief executive of a state government
Qualifications and Terms for Governors (pgs )
Each state’s constitution lists the qualifications requirements and term limits of their state’s governor
Age requirements, term limits, and salaries do vary from state to state
Most governor’s have an official residence in the state‘s capital

15. Chapter 8 Section 3 (pgs.213-216) The State Executive Branch
The State’s Chief Executive (pgs )
Powers and Duties of Governors (pgs )
They are the highest-ranking official at the state level
They are responsible for “faithfully executing the laws” of the state
The serve 3 main roles: Chief Executive, Chief Legislator, and Political Party Leader
As Chief Executive, they propose the state budget setting sending priorities, Appoint some state officials, Supervise State employees which influence state policies and action
Patronage: a system in which government jobs are given to people recommended by political party leaders and officeholders
As Chief Legislator, they propose and veto laws
As Political Party Leader, they heavily influence their state‘s party’s political policies opinions
Other Powers – governor’s can pardon certain prisoners
What are three main roles of governors, and what responsibilities does each role entail? fi

16. Chapter 8 Section 3 (pgs.213-216) The State Executive Branch
Other State Executive Officials (pgs )
Lieutenant Governor (pg.215)
Lieutenant Governor: the official who succeeds the governor if the governor dies, resigns, or is removed from office
Most, not all, states have one
In some states, the governor and lieutenant governor can belong in different political parties
Serve as a “vice president” to the governor
Secretary of State (pg.216)
Keep state records and enforce election laws
Attorney General (pg.216)
Responsible for state legal business and matters concerning the state and the laws
State Treasurer (pg.216)
Handle state funds including collecting taxes and paying state bills
State Auditor (pg.216)
Examines state financial records for complete accuracy and authorize use of public funds
Superintendent of Public Instruction (pg.216)
Enforce state education policies and distribute state educational funds
Which official do you think has the most important responsibilities, and why?

17. Chapter 8 Section 4 (pgs.217-221) State Courts
State Courts Cases (pgs )
Deal with both criminal and civil cases that challenge violations of state constitutions and laws
Every state is free to create it’s own court system, determine how state judges are selected, and have it’s own penal code
Penal Code: a set of criminal laws
How do criminal cases and civil cases differ?

18. Chapter 8 Section 4 (pgs.217-221) State Courts
State Court System (pgs )
State Court Systems are organized very similarly to the federal court system
The only major difference is they only deal with their state’s constitution and laws
Trial Courts (pgs )
Citizens usually elect trial court judges
States usually have multiple types of trial courts with each specializing in a specific type of law
Appeals Courts (pg.219)
Review the fairness of decisions made in state trial courts
State Supreme Court (pg.219)
Decisions are final
Highest court in most states
What roles do judges play in the different levels of state
courts? re

19. Chapter 8 Section 4 (pgs.217-221) State Courts
Selection of State Judges (pgs )
State law determines how they’re elected and term length
Election of Judges (pg.220)
Most states allow citizens to vote for their state’s supreme court judges
Supporters of elected judges say the judge is free of political pressure
Opponents of elected judges say most citizens aren’t informed enough to make a good decision
The Missouri Plan (pg.220)
Missouri Plan: a method of selecting in which a committee prepares a list of qualified candidates, and the governor appoints a judge from the list
The committee usually consist of lawyers, judges, and ordinary citizens
The appointed judge must be reelected by citizens vote
Terms of Service (pg.220)
Most states require judges to be voted back into office for each term
Why might the Missouri Plan the best qualities of the election and appointment methods?