1. Lecture 4 Technological Principles of Medical Instrumentation
6 October University
Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences
Department of Biomedical equipment and systems
Technological Principles
of Medical Instrumentation By
Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban Mahmoud
2017
Lecture 4

2. Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
CHAPTER 1
Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Lecture 4
Classification of Biomedical Instruments
Measurement Input Sources
Questions & Reports
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

3. There are many factors influencing device classification such as:
CHAPTER Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Classification of Biomedical Instruments
There are many factors influencing device classification such as:
The duration of device contact with the body
The degree of the device delivers medicinal energy to the patient,
The biological affect on the patient.
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

4. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Classification of Biomedical Instruments
The biomedical instruments can be approached from at least four viewpoints. Techniques of biomedical measurement can be grouped according to:
The quantity that is sensed, such as pressure, flow, or temperature.
The principle of transduction, such as resistive, inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic, or electrochemical.
Organ system, such as the cardiovascular, pulmonary, nervous, and endocrine systems.
The clinical medicine specialties, such as pediatrics, obstetrics, cardiology, or radiology.
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

5. Engineering Classification of Biomedical Instrumentation
CHAPTER Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Engineering Classification of
Biomedical Instrumentation
1. Measuring Instruments.
2. Audiometer
3. Blood cell counter
4. Blood Pressure meter
5. Blood PH meter
6. Blood flow meter
Digital BP meter
GSR meter
9. Stethoscope
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

6. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Recording instruments
1. Electrocardiograph
2. Electromyograph
3. Electro encephalograph
4. Expirograph
5. Phonocardiograph
6. Plethysmograph
7. Thermograph
8. Tomograph
9. Ultra sonograph
10. Radio graph ( x-ray)
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

7. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Monitoring Instruments
1.Bed – side monitor
2.Bio – monitor
3.Foetal monitor
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

8. Analyzing Instruments
1. Colorimeter
2. Spectrometer
3. Flame photo meter

9. Controlling Instruments
1. Defibrillator
2. Dialysis instrument
3. Heart lung machine

10. A] Medical Classification of BMI
1. DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS
2. Endoscope
3. Stethoscope
4. Microscope

11. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
A] BLOOD INSTRUMENTS
1. Blood Pressure meter
2. Blood PH meter
3. Blood flow meter
4. Blood cell counter
5. Calorimeter
6. Spectra – Photometer
7. Flame photometer
8. Digital BP meter
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

12. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
B] HEART INSTRUMENT
1. ECG
2. Pace Maker
3. Defibrillator
4. Heart Lung Machine
5. Bed side monitor
6. Plethysmograph
7. Electronic stethoscope
8. Phonocardiograph
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

13. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
G] EAR INSTRUMENTS
1. Audiometer
2. Hearing aid
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

14. H] EYE INSTRUMENTS 2. Aid for blind 1. Occulometer
CHAPTER Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
CHAPTER Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
H] EYE INSTRUMENTS
1. Occulometer
2. Aid for blind
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

15. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
J] BODY INSTRUMENTS
1. Ultra Sonography
2. Thermograph
3. Radiograph
4. EPF
5. Endoscope
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

16. Measurement Input Sources
CHAPTER Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Measurement Input Sources
Desired Inputs: Measurands that the instrument is designed to isolate.
Interfering Inputs: Quantities that accidentally affect the instrument as a consequence of the principles used to acquire and process the desired inputs.
Modifying Inputs: Quantities that cause a change in the input –output relations of the instrument.
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

17. Example: ECG Signal Measurement
CHAPTER Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Example: ECG Signal Measurement
Desired Input: ECG voltage (Vecg)
Interfering Input: 60/50 Hz noise voltage, displacement currents
Modifying Input: – orientation of the patient cables when the plane of the cable is perpendicular to the magnetic field the magnetic interference is maximal
Figure: Simplified electrocardiographic recording system Two possible interfering inputs are stray magnetic fields and capacitive coupled noise. Orientation of patient cables and changes in electrode–skin impedance are two possible modifying inputs. Z1 and Z2 represent the electrode–skin interface impedances.
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

18. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Chapter Questions
What is the difference between the medical instrument and any another electronic instrument?
2. Explain the general block diagram of the medical instrument?
3. What is the difference between signal conducting and signal processing?
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

19. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Chapter Questions
4- What does it mean by: bio-sensor, bio-potential, bio-signal?
5- What are the main requirements of the biosensor?
6- Discuss the different medical instruments operation modes?
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

20. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Chapter Questions
7. What is the difference between the following different medical instruments operation modes:
Direct and Indirect
Invasive and Noninvasive
Contact and Remote
Sense and Actuate
Real-time and delayed time
Sampling and Continuous
Analog and Digital
Generating and Modulating
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

21. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Chapter Questions
8. What are the main and medical instruments constrains?
9. What is the difference between the signal interference and the cross-talk?
10. Explain how you overcome the medical instruments constrains?
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

22. CHAPTER 1 Fundamentals of Medical Instrumentation
Chapter Questions
11. What are the purposes of medical instruments compensation techniques?
12. What are the main factors that affected medical instruments classification?
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

23. Medical Instrumentation Characteristics
CHAPTER 2
Medical Instrumentation Characteristics
Author : Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban A. Mahmoud / 2017

24. Many thanks
Dr. Eng. Hani Kasban
Questions?????