1. Organic Chemistry
Part 1
Hydrocarbons

2. Functional Groups
many different varieties that consist of 3 main components, 1 or more of which may be present in the group
important chemical or physical properties change especially relative to hydrocarbons.

3. 1) C, C multiple bonds
 creates weaker, more reactive sites
2) C bonded to more E.N. atom
(i.e. -O, -N, -Cl, -F)
 types of intermolecular forces increase to include D-D or HB
 m.p., b.p. and H2O solubility
3) –C=O
  polarity to O with 4 not just 2e-
 m.p., b.p. and H2O solubility

4. Hydrocarbons consist of Carbon and Hydrogen and somethimes Halogens
are all non polar (except with halogens), with only London Dispersion intermolecular forces and have low water solubility and chemical reactivity
Homologous Series:
each molecular formula increases from the next one by the same increment CH2
General Formula:
Alkanes CnH2n+2

5. Nomenclature uses prefix method
Alkane
Alkyl 1
meth
methane
CH4
methyl
CH3- 2
eth
ethane
C2H6
ethyl
C2H5- 3
prop
propane
C3H8
propyl
C3H7- 4
but
butane
C4H10
butyl
C4H9- 5
pent
pentane
C5H12 6
hex
hexane
C6H14 7
hept
heptane
C7H16

6. 8
oct
octane
C8H18
Halides 9
non
nonane
C9H20
fluoro
F - 10
dec
decane
C10H22
chloro
Cl - 11
undec
undecane
C11H24
bromo
Br - 12
dodec
dodecane
C12H26
iodo
I - 13
tridec
tridecane
C13H28 20
eicos
(icos)
eicosane
(icosane)
C20H42

7. Types of Structural Diagrams
1) Complete
2) Simplified
3) Line
4) Condensed
5) Grouped

8. Alkanes - To Name: Straight Chain
• name of the longest continuous C-C chain
• sometimes has the prefix “n” (normal)
eg.

9. B) Branched Chain
has alkyl groups attached to the straight chain (parent)
eg.
1) locate the longest chain – parent name 
heptane

10. 2) # the C’s so that the substituents (branches) have the lowest number combinations.
3 +
4 +
5 +
5 = 17
3 +
3 +
4 +
5 = 15  5 4 3 2 1 7 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

11. 3) Number every substituent (alkyl name) according to the Carbon it’s attached to.
3-methyl
4-methyl
5-ethyl 5 4 3

12. For multiple cases of the same substituent, use prefixes – di, tri, tetra.
3,3,4-trimethyl
5) For more than 1 substituent, order alphabetically, prefixes are not included.
5-ethyl-3,3,4-trimethyl
6) Full name
#of location – branch name(s) parent name
 5-ethyl-3,3,4-trimethylheptane

13. Structural Isomers
have the same chemical formula, but different structures – different branching.
eg. pentane, C5H12
2 - methylbutane
n - pentane
2,2-dimethylpropane

14. Cyclic Hydrocarbons: ring is the parent name with cyclo prefix
# the C so that the combinations is smallest.
1st substituent is #1.
can be clockwise or counterclockwise
start with substituents close together, will give smallest number set.
eg.
1,2,5-trimethylcyclohexane 2 3 1 or 1 2
1,2,4-trimethylcyclohexane  4 3 5 4

15. Alkenes and Alkynes – To Name:
-C=C C≡C-
CnH2n CnH2n-2
same system as alkanes except:
longest chain must contain the multiple bonds.
# the C so that the smallest combination is for the multiple bonds. Multiple bond is given a number before the ene or yne.
eg. 2-methylhex-3-ene

16. Substituents given C #’s after order is set.
If more than 1 multiple bond use di, tri etc.
eg. di-1,3-ene or tri-2,5,6-yne
3-methylbut-2-ene
eg. or 
2-methylbut-2-ene
eg.
4-?pent-2-yne
5-chloro-4-methylpent-2-yne

17. Geometric Isomers
only with alkenes, due to the double bond that can’t allow rotation about the bond
For the General alkene:
It can only exist as cis-trans isomers if:
R1  R2 and R3  R4
If it is a 1-ene then it can be cis and trans, so no special name
eg.

18. isomers are ‘cis’ (same) and ‘trans’ (across) the double bond.
Follow the trail of the Parent chain as to how it continues past the double bond. Is it on the same side of the double bond or not?
eg.
vs.
same side of the bond
across the bond
cis-but-2-ene
trans-but-2-ene

19. eg.
trans-2-chloropent-2-ene
cis-2-chloropent-2-ene

20. Aromatics benzene is the parent group There are 2 naming methods:
IUPAC – numbering carbons and substituents as with cycloalkanes
Older system using prefixes (stomp) or “ortho”, “meta” and “para”

21. eg.
1,2 – dimethylbenzene or
orthodimethylbenzene
1,3 – dimethylbenzene or
orthodimethylbenzene
1,4 – dimethylbenzene or
paradimethylbenzene

22. eg.
4-methyl-1,2-dipropylbenzene
When the attached functional group is difficult to name, benzene becomes the substituent “phenyl” instead
eg.
3,3,5-trimethyl-5-phenylheptane