1. Blood components

2. Video

3. blood
is a body fluid that delivers necessary substances, such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.

4. Reminder
What is a tissue?

5. There are three components of blood
A. Plasma
B. Blood cells (red blood cells and white blood cells)
C. Platelets

6. Functions of the BLood

7. Transportation O2 from lungs to cells of the body
CO2 from cells to lungs
Nutrients from digestive system to cells
Transporting hormones from endocrine glands to organs

8. Regulation Control and maintain body temperature (~37oC)
Maintain normal pH levels (~ pH 7.4)
Maintaining fluid volume

9. Protection
Prevent infection through white blood cells and antibodies detecting and attacking foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses
Prevention of loss of fluids by blood clotting

10. Components of the BLood

11. Plasma Liquid part of the blood Makes up 55% of blood volume
Straw-coloured, sticky fluid
Makes up 55% of blood volume
Composed of 92% water and 7% proteins, 1 % dissolved solutes.

12. Plasma PROTEINS: Albumins — Maintains blood pressure and volume
Fibrinogen — Important or forming blood clots
Globulins — Transport proteins around the body. Some are antibodies.

13. Blood Cells Two types: Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)
White Blood Cells (WBC’s)

14. Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
NO NUCLEUS (present during development but shrinks and disintegrates as it matures)
Why???
the loss of the nucleus decreases the size of the cell and increases the overall SURFACE AREA of the cell  More area for CO2 and O2 gas exchange
NO ORGANELLES

15. Disc-shaped: flattened discs with depressed centers
Shape is ideal for gas exchange

16. Created by the bone marrow
Hematopoiesis – the process by which blood cells are produced

17. Live about 120 days
Replacement rate: 1-2 million per second!

18. Contains hemoglobin  structure that transports O2

19. REMEMBER: main function is to transport respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)

20. WHITE Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Complete cells – has a nucleus and organelles
They are spherical and can change shape
Larger in size than red blood cells (RBC’s)
Less numerous than RBC’s

21. Main function is to protect the body by fighting foreign invaders and infection

22. From most abundant to least abundant WBC’s:
Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils
(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)

24. WBCs are Granular or Agranular

25. Granular Leukocytes: Contains granules
Includes: neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
Roughly spherical in shape
Lobed nucleus
Granules in cytoplasm (secretory vesicles)

27. Neutrophils – most abundant phagocyte in the body
Eosinophil – kill parasites by secreting toxin on them
Basophil – contribute to the inflammatory response

28. Agranular Leukocytes: Lack Granules
Includes: lymphocytes and monocytes
Spherical or kidney-shaped nucleus
Lymphocytes – T, B, and Natural Killer cells (NK)

29. B cells – produce antibodies
T Cells - recognize and respond to abnormal or infected cells.
NK cells - destroy infected cells.
Monocytes – large phagocytes

31. Platelets (aka thrombocytes)
Cell fragments (derived from Megakaryocyte in bone marrow)
No Nucleus
Live about 7 days
Main Function is blood clot formation.

33. Blood DIsorders

34. HeMOPHILIA Hereditary bleeding disorder
Caused by either a lack of clotting factor VIII (8) or clotting factor IX (9)
Symptoms often include: nosebleeds, easy to bruise, joint and muscle pain due to bleeding, blood in urine.
No cure. Patients often treated through injections of purified clotting factor or transfusion of blood plasma.

36. Anemia Lack of healthy red blood cells
May be caused by many conditions. Examples: loss of blood, infections, and poor nutrition (low intake of iron needed for hemoglobin structure)
Symptoms often include: fatigue, pale skin, short of breath and feeling cold.
Treatment depends on the cause of anemia. Treatments may range from nutritional supplements (such as iron) to blood transfusions.

38. Sickle cell anemia Fatal hereditary blood disorder
The gene for sickle cell is prominent in people of recent African decent  having one copy of gene protects against malaria, having two copies is fatal (one from mom, one from dad)
Causes misshapen red blood cells (crescent shaped) which makes them less effective at gas exchange

39. Leukemia
Type of cancer where the body makes too many white blood cells.
Most common type of cancer in children
Can interfere with production of RBCs and/or function of WBCs
Causes the immune system to not function properly
Often treated with chemotherapy

41. Hodgkin’s Disease
Cancer of the lymphatic system, typically in the lymph nodes.
Can easily spread to the bloodstream and infect other parts of the body.
Causes weaken immune system.
Typically treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

43. Blood TYping
Blood types are determined by proteins called antigens found on surface of RBC

44. Antigens Antibodies Type B antibodies Type A antibodies No antibodies
Type A: has antigen-A on its membrane
Type B: has antigen on its membrane
Type AB: has antigen-A and antigen-B
Type O: has NO antigens
Type B antibodies
Type A antibodies
No antibodies
Type A and B antibodies

47. Universal Donor Type O Rh-
Has no antigens on RBC to react with antibodies in recipient’s plasma

48. Universal Recipient Type AB Rh+
Has no antibodies in plasma to react with any donor blood antigens

53. GEnetics
AA or AO
BB or BO AB OO

55. Rh blood group system

56. The Rh (Rhesus) factor was first found in Rhesus monkeys
The Rh (Rhesus) factor was first found in Rhesus monkeys. The Rh factor is an inherited trait that refers to a specific protein found on the surface of red blood cells. This protein commonly is the D antigen.

57. Rh Positive
Rh Negative
If D antigen is present, blood is Rh+
If D antigen is missing, blood is Rh-

58. Approximately 85% of the human population is Rh+.
Antibody to Rh factors does not develop automatically
Only develops when Rh- person is exposed to the Rh antigen from transfusion/pregnancy.

59. Can donate to…
Can receive from…
Rh+
Rh-

60. RH Factor complications
Complications with Rh factors are related to pregnancy
Mom is Rh-. Baby is Rh+. Baby received the Rh+ factor from the father.
During birth, some of the baby’s blood will pass into the mother’s bloodstream as the placenta detaches. The mother’s immune system will form antibodies against the baby’s Rh+ antigens

61. The 1st pregnancy results in the delivery of a healthy baby.
The 2nd pregnancy, if the baby is also Rh+, the mother antibodies will affect the developing fetus, causing a condition known as erythroblastis fetalis. The mother’s antibodies destroy the fetus’ red blood cells leading to anemia, and in severe cases brain damage and even death.

63. B A AB O
Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-D

64. B A AB O
Anti-A
Anti-B
Anti-D

66. Review

67. What type of macromolecule is hemoglobin? What does “heme” stand for?
What is the structure within red blood cells that binds to and transports oxygen?
Hemoglobin
What type of macromolecule is hemoglobin?
A protein
What does “heme” stand for?
Iron-containing compound

68. How many different types of white blood cells are there?
List them

69. Which are granular and which are agranular?
What’s the main difference between granular and agranular leukocytes (white blood cells)?
Granular contains granules, agranular does not
Granular
Agranular

70. What is anemia?
What happens when the body does not have a sufficient supply of red blood cells? Hint: think of the role of red blood cells.

71. A blood sample is mixed with Anti-A serum, Anti-B serum and Anti-Rh serum. It forms agglutination with Anti-B serum, what blood type is found in this blood sample?
Type B- blood can be donated to which blood types?
Type B- blood can receive blood from which blood types?
Why can’t Rh+ blood types donate their blood to Rh- recipients?