1. The Emergence of Modern Turkey
Foundation of the Turkish Republic, Opposition and Reforms, the 1920s

2. The Legacy of the Empire
Military
Civilian Bureaucracy
Finance
Education

3. Foundation of the Turkish Republic
Elections in Summer 1923
Declaration of the Republic (Oct 29, 1923) & Discussions

4. Opposition to the New Regime and Its Suppression
Second Group >> 1924: Progressive Republican Party –PRP (Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Firkasi)
RPP vs. PRP
Ideological differences
RPP response to the
challenge?

5. Kurdish Opposition to the New Regime
1925: Sheikh Said Rebellion & Why?

6. RPP vs. Others How did the RPP respond to oppositions?
Suppression of the press
Law on the Maintenance of Order (1925)
Independence Tribunals
Izmir Conspiracy (1926)
How to consolidate the power in parallel to the suppression of oppositions?
Reforms
Centralization attempts
Creation of a new homogeneous identity
Breaking the links with the past

7. Reforms March 3, 1924 All religious Courts were closed, 1924.
Abolition of the Caliphate
Abolition of Seyhul Islam
Ministry of Religious Affairs was terminated and A Directorate for Religious Affairs was instituted.
Unification of Education.
All religious Courts were closed, 1924.
1924 Constitution

8. Further Reforms Hat Reform, 1925
Closing of dervish convents and tombs, 1925
Swiss Civil Code, 1926
Lunar Calendar, 1926
The Speech,1927
First public Census, 1927

9. Alphabet changed ,1928

10. Further Reforms Elimination of Islam from the constitution,1928
Western measures and weights, 1931
Call for prayer was made Turkish, 1932
Ayasofya was made a museum, 1933
The metric system of weights and measurements were introduced, 1934
Law on Surnames, 1934
Women were given the right to elect and to be elected,1934
Sunday was made the weekly day of rest, 1935

11. 1930
Free Republican Party (Serbest Fırka)
FRP meeting in Izmir

12. 1930
Menemen Incident

13. New Era of Social and Cultural Transformation
Increasing authoritarian tendencies.
Inspectorate Generals
1931 Congress of RPP
Declaration of state-party unification.
It defined nation / fatherland concepts
Underlined the importance of shared history/common language to be a nation
Accepted the 6 principles of Kemalism and they were added to constitution in ’37.

14. Six Principles of Kemalism
Republicanism
Populism
Secularism
Nationalism
Etatism
Revolutionarism

15. Republicanism Republicanism – Cumhuriyetçilik
“Sovereignity belongs to people!
Republic = Democracy?

16. Populism Underlines the issue of equity
Hat Reform
Surname Law
Emancipation of women
Ziya Gökalp – Social Solidarity
National interests > individual, ideological interests
Turkish Women Union, Masonic Lodges, Teacher Union were closed down
Turkish Hearths  People’s Houses

17. Populism