1. puberty
7th grade-4th partial

2. Puberty :process of physical changes by which a child's body matures into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction.
It is initiated by hormonal signals from the brain to the gonads; the ovaries in a girl, the testes in a boy. Responding the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, bones, muscle, blood, skin, hair, breasts, and sexual organs.

3. Physical growth—height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when the child has developed an adult body. The age at which puberty begins varies between 10 and 13 years of age. Puberty age is affected by both genetic factors and by environmental factors :nutritional state and social circumstances.

4. The major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs on average at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs between ages 12 and 13.
In the 21st century, the age at which children reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys. This is possibly due to chemicals in food or a better nutrition.

5. Testicular size, penis size, fertility
In boys, testicular enlargement is the first physical manifestation of puberty (gonadarche) Testes in prepubertal boys change little in size from about 1 year of age to the onset of puberty. Size continues to increase throughout puberty.
Two primary functions of testes:
1.Produce hormones
2.Produce sperm. During puberty,
a male's scrotum will enlarge and
begin to hang below the body as
opposed to being up tight.

6. Pubic hair
Pubic hair often appears on a boy shortly after the genitalia begin to grow. The pubic hairs are usually first visible at the base of the penis
Body and facial hair
Following pubic hair, other areas of skin that respond to androgens may develop androgenic hair. The usual sequence is: underarm (axillary) hair, perianal hair, upper lip hair, sideburn hair, and the beard area. Arm, leg, chest, abdominal, and back hair become heavier. Facial hair appears in late adolescence, but may not appear until years after. Chest hair may appear during
puberty or years after. Not all
men have chest hair.

7. Voice change and Adam's apple
Under the influence of androgens, the voice box, or larynx, grows in both sexes. This growth is far more prominent in boys, causing the male voice to drop and deepen, sometimes abruptly but rarely "over night,". Before puberty, the larynx of boys and girls is about equally small.

8. Male musculature and body shape
By the end of puberty, adult men have heavier bones and nearly twice as much skeletal muscle. Some of the bone growth ( shoulder width and jaw) is disproportionately greater.
This muscle develops mainly during the later stages of puberty, and muscle growth can continue even after boys are adult. The fat pads of the male breast tissue and the male nipples will develop during puberty; especially in one breast.
All this is due to Testosterone, another hormone.

9. Body odor and acne
Rising levels of androgens can change the fatty acid composition of perspiration, resulting in a more "adult" body odor. As in girls, another androgen effect is increased secretion of oil (sebum) from the skin and the resultant variable amounts of acne.

10. Physical changes in girls
Breast development
The first physical sign of puberty in girls is breast development. Within six to 12 months, the swelling has begun in both sides.
Pubic hair
Pubic hair is often the second noticeable change in puberty .In about 15% of girls, the earliest pubic hair appears before breast development begins.

11. Vagina, uterus, ovaries
The mucosal surface of the vagina also changes in response to increasing levels of estrogen, becoming thicker and duller pink in color .Whitish secretions are a normal effect of estrogen as well. In the two years following thelarche, the uterus, ovaries, and the follicles in the ovaries increase in size.

12. Menstruation and fertility
The first menstrual bleeding is referred to as menarche.The time between menstrual periods (menses) is not always regular in the first two years after menarche.

13. Body shape, fat distribution, and body composition
During this period, because of rising levels of estrogen, the pelvis and hips widen (providing a larger birth canal). Fat tissue increases more than in males, especially in the distribution of breasts, hips, buttocks, thighs, upper arms.

14. Body odor and acne
Rising levels of androgens can change the fatty acid composition of perspiration, resulting in a more "adult" body odor. Another androgen effect is increased secretion of oil (sebum) from the skin. This change increases the susceptibility to acne, a skin condition that is characteristic of puberty. Acne varies greatly in its severity.

15. Nutritional influence
Nutritional factors are the strongest factors affecting timing of puberty. Girls are especially sensitive to nutritional regulation because they must contribute all of the nutritional support to a growing fetus.
Excess calories are reflected in the amount of body fat, which signals to the brain the availability of resources for initiation of puberty and fertility.

16. Physical and mental illness
Chronic diseases can delay puberty in both boys and girls. Those that involve chronic inflammation or interfere with nutrition have the strongest effect.
Tuberculosis has been notorious while in areas of the underdeveloped world chronic parasite infections are widespread.
Mental illnesses occur in puberty. The brain undergoes significant development by hormones which can contribute to mood disorders such as :
major depressive disorder
bipolar disorder
schizophrenia.
Girls aged between 15 and 19 make up 40%
of anorexia nervosa cases.This is an eating
Disorder.

17. Questionaire What is androgenic hair? Give examples.
How does facial hair change?
What are the two functions of testes?
What changes do boys experience during puberty?
Where does puberty start in boys and girls?
What are gonads?
What do they do?
Why can puberty begin at different ages?
What is menarche?
What are the physical changes in girls?

18. evaluation CRAFT : 15pts. quiz: 10 pts. Cooking lab: 10 pts
DICTIONARY 15 PTS.
POWER P.P PTS.
Exam

20. ANOREXIA
Many people with anorexia nervosa see themselves as overweight, even when they are clearly underweight. Eating and weight control become obsessions. They weigh themselves repeatedly and eat very small quantities of only certain foods. Some others eat excessively followed by extreme dieting, lots of exercise, self-induced vomiting and laxatives.

21. BULIMIA
People with bulimia nervosa eat extremely large amounts of food and can’t control themselves. This binge eating is followed by forced vomiting, excessive use of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise, or a combination of these.
Unlike anorexia nervosa, people with bulimia nervosa usually maintain a healthy or normal weight, while some are slightly overweight.

22. Teenage pregnancy
THis is a worldwide problem seen in almost every country.
It envolves all the family causing different problems .
Many methods are being used to prevent this but it still occurs.
Sufferness is the main issue.

23. Teenage pregnancy
Teenage births are associated with lower annual income for the mother.
Teenage mothers are more likely to drop out of school. Only about one-third of teen mothers obtain a high school diploma.
Increased rates of alcohol abuse and substance abuse,
lower educational level
Reduced earning potential in teen fathers.

24. Babies born to teen age moms have lower birth weight and are more likely to die in their first year of life.
Children of teenage parents are more likely to have learning problems.
These children have an increased risk of becoming teenage parents.

26. contraceptives These are ways of preventing pregnancies.
There are different contraceptives. Some are for women and others for man.

27. Abstinence is a form of contraception.
Surgeries to prevent pregnancies are done also for Men and women :TUBAL LIGATION for women and VASECTOMY for men.
There are different types of pills; some are taken daily while others twice a day.
Not all methods work for everybody.Some can be dangerous for certain people.

28. Abstinence clubs
These are groups of teenagers formed to empower each other with the same ideals:
To stay away from things that can keep them from reaching their long term goals.
Being together makes them develop their courage, self esteem , knowledge.
They stay away from drugs, alcohol, pornography ,dropping school ,sex and violence.
They receive counseling ,information and guidance.

29. They aren’t very popular since most adolescents practice all those mentioned things.
Their long term goals are :
University degree
Successful carreers and jobs
Well planned families
Good Economical level

30. HIV - AIDS
HIV stands for the "human immunodeficiency virus.“ It is a virus that infects human being and leads to problems with their immune system. The immune system is the body's system for fighting disease.
As HIV infection progresses, there is damage to immune defense cells and the body becomes less able to fight off infection.

31. AIDS, "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome" is a group of symptoms and diseases associated with the damage HIV does to the immune system.
Some people have the virus but never develop AIDS though they contague it to others.

32. A person can live with HIV for many years
without developing AIDS or any symptoms
of HIV infection. This is why it is important
to be regularly tested for the virus.

33. Transmission HIV can be transmitted in three main ways:
•Sexual transmission
•Transmission through blood
•Mother-to-child transmission
Breast feeding

34. 7 Simple exercises to raise your self-esteem
1. List 10 things that you love about yourself
This exercise requires you to THINK in your positive attributes so that you can improve your self-image. When you list them, also write a quick note for each attribute.

35. 2. List 10 skills you possess
Recognizing the many skills you possess, allows you to see that you have great value and worth to offer to others.

36. 3. List 5 achievements which you are proud of
When you are shrouded in negativity, it is easy to forget about the things you have achieved in the past. Recognizing past achievements helps you to realize that you are capable of achieving more in the future. Write a detailed account of each achievement.
If you find yourself moving past 5, keep going until your inspiration runs dry.
4. List 3 occasions where you have overcome adversity
One of the biggest factors in self-esteem is understanding that you have the resilience required to cope with anything which life throws at you. Your past achievements in overcoming adversity enable you to see that you can cope with difficult times. For each situation write a detailed account of the adversity you faced and the skills and attributes you used to overcome it.

37. 5. List 5 people who have helped you
Do not just identify the 5 people; write a detailed account of how they have helped you. Doing this allows you to realise that other people value you and see worth in you. This is why they are motivated to help you.
As always, when you hit 5, you can keep going.
6. List 5 people whom you have helped
When you have low self-esteem, you may feel that you offer little of value to other people. This exercise helps you to see that you offer a great deal more than you ever realized. For each person, highlight how you helped them and how they benefitted from your help.

38. 7. List 50 things you appreciate about your life
Many people confuse gratitude and appreciation. Gratitude is simply letting the other person know that you are grateful for their help. Appreciation is taking the time to understand how you benefitted from the help you received, When you take the time to appreciate, you start to realize how fortunate you are and view your life in a more positive light. As an example of appreciation, after a nice meal in a restaurant, you might say to your waiter ‘Thank you, I appreciated your excellent service. It really helped me to relax, enjoy my meal and unwind after a long, hard day at work’. It may seem simple, and it is, but taking the time to acknowledge the benefit you received registers with your brain much better than a simple ‘Thank you’.