1. AP World History Ms. Tully
Early latin america Ch. 19
AP World History
Ms. Tully

2. The Iberian Conquest
Reconquista  Christian reconquest of Iberian peninsula  Conquest of Americas
Urban, patriarchal society
Extension of slavery
Professional bureaucracy
Close link between church/state
Plantations agriculture
New nobility
Focus on Mexico & Peru
Destruction of indigenous societies
Three Periods of Conquest

3. The Caribbean Crucible
Caribbean = Model/testing ground of conquest
Encomienda = grant of indigenous people to individual Spaniards (serfdom)
Introduction of Spanish towns & institutions
Increased immigration by 16th C  era of settlement
Depopulation of natives led to importation of African slaves
Growth of plantation agriculture
Especially in Brazil

4. Spanish Conquistadors
Hernan Cortes & the Aztecs – 1519
Francisco Pizarro & the Incas – 1532
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado & the American SW –
Pedro de Valdivia & the Araucanians – 1541

5. The Age of Conquest Expeditions often based on contracts
Conquest seen as an opportunity for social advancement
Encomienda system encouraged new nobility
Reasons for Spanish success
Technology/horses
Disease
Vulnerability of civs
Worst abuses of native population decreased by 1570

6. The Effects of Conquest – Indigenous Societies
Severe population decline – slaving, mistreatment, disease
Demographic collapse also affected traditional social & economic structures
Encomiendas destructive – phased out by mid-16th C
Mita system introduced
Growth of wage labor
Resiliency of native culture – selective adaptation of European culture

7. Colonial Economies
Mining the base of colonial economy – Potosi, Zacatecas
Mining stimulated other aspects of the economy
Agrarian economy supported by growth of haciendas
Spanish American colonies mostly self-sufficient  only needed luxury goods from Europe
Spain & consulados had tight control over trade
Spanish used fleet of galleons to protect goods
Spain’s wealth used to pay for European wars, long-term debts, and manufactured goods
Silver influx caused inflation, price revolution in 16th C

8. Colonial Government
Treaty of Tordesillas – divided territory between PR & SP
Extensive bureaucratic system in Spanish America
Letrados – university-trained lawyers from Spain
Council of the Indies
Viceroyalties – Mexico & Peru
Viceroys – high-ranking nobles who were direct representatives of the king
Royal magistrates worked at local level  frequent corruption
Church instituted parishes & bishoprics
Schools run by church/clergy
Extension of Inquisition

10. Brazil – The Plantation Colony
Pedro Alvarez Cabral claimed Brazil for PR
Capitaincies – strips of land awarded to minor PR nobles
Growth of plantation agriculture
Leading sugar producer – required lots of capital & labor
Social hierarchy reflected plantation culture
Intellectual subordination & economic dependency

11. Brazil’s Age of Gold
Competition from BR, DU, FR in Caribbean disrupted sugar economy
Paulistas discover gold in Minas Gerais, 1695
Gold Rush – 5000 immigrants/year
Opened interior to settlement
New towns, new markets
Promoted detrimental economic policies

12. Society of Castas
New world society a mixture of Indians, Europeans, and Africans
Mixed marriages/coupling led to large mestizo & mulatto population
Sociedad de castas  social hierarchy based on racial origins
Castas  people of mixed origin
Peninsulares  people born on Iberian peninsula
Creoles  whites born in New World
Racial hierarchy combined with traditional Iberian distinctions based on gender, age, and class

14. Spain in the 18th C
18th C defined by increase in intellectual activity, new realities
Amigos del Pais  small clubs that discussed potential reform
Spain weak by 18thC  wars, debt, depopulation, revolts
New competition from BR, FR; seized Caribbean islands
Failure of Spanish mercantile & political system
War of Spanish Succession ( )

16. Bourbon Reforms
Charles III “enlightened despotism”  series of reforms to strengthen Spanish empire
Reforms promoted economic & commercial development of colonies
Jose de Galvez  investigations reveal abuse/corruption
French bureaucratic model introduced  intendants
Creoles removed from positions of power
Seven Years War  loss of some Spanish possessions
Military/defensive reforms
Economic reforms damaged local economies
Short term  restructuring revived Spanish Empire
Long term  promoted dissatisfaction among elite

17. Pombal and Brazil Marquis of Pombal  arranged PR reforms for Brazil
Revitalize the colonies to strengthen mother country
Fiscal reforms  eliminate contraband, gold smuggling, tax evasion
Monopolies formed to stimulate agriculture  new markets in new regions
Eliminated slavery in PR to focus supply on Brazil
Encouraged intermarriage between natives & whites
Reforms not fully effective  demand for Brazilian products low, but later economic boom

18. Reforms, Reactions, & Revolts
Colonies experienced rapid population growth
Old patterns of power & influence disrupted
Colonial revolts from whites, mixed races, and natives in Spanish colonies
Gov’t activism  colonial dissatisfaction
Economic prosperity encouraged self-confidence
Set the stage for independence movements of 19th C