1. The Respiratory System

2. Respiratory System
Respiratory System-consists of the lungs and air passages
Responsible for taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
The body only has a 4-6 minute supply of oxygen so this system must continually work in order to maintain life
Parts include; nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli and lungs

3. The Nose Has two openings, nostrils or nares through which air enters
A wall divides the nose into two hollow spaces is called the nasal septum
Two hollow spaces are called nasal cavities
Lined with mucus membranes
Air is warmed, filtered and moistened
Mucus and tiny hair like structures called cilla trap pathogens, dust and other particles and push them towards the esophagus where they can be swallowed

4. The Nose
Olfactory Receptors that allow for the sense of smell are also located in the nose.
Sinuses also are located in the nasal area and are small cavities that are lined with mucus membranes to help warm and moisten air and aide in the vocals.

6. The sense of smell

8. The Pharynx Lies directly behind the nasal cavities
Divided into three sections
Nasopharynx-pharyngeal tonsils, Eustachian tube open to here
Oropharynx-located at the mouth
Laryngopharynx-esophagus and trachea branch off at this section

9. The Larynx Aka Voice Box Between the pharynx and trachea
Contains 9 layers of cartilage
The largest is the thyroid cartilage and is commonly called the Adams apple
Contain two folds called vocal cords
The opening between the vocal cords is called the glottis
As air leaves the lungs the cords vibrate and the tongue and lips then act on the vibration producing speech

10. The Epiglottis
Leaf like piece of cartileage that closes the opening into the larynx during swallowing
Prevents food and liquids from entering the respiratory tract

11. The Trachea Tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the bronchi
C shaped cartilage open on the dorsal side help maintain rigidity as the tube extends into center of the chest

12. The Bronchi Divide into Right and Left Bronchus
Right is shorter, wider and more vertical
Carry air into the lung
Continue to divide until they reach their smallest branches called bronchioles

13. The Alveoli Think Grapes Adult lung contains about 500 million
Made of one layer of squamous epithelial tissue
Contain large network of capillaries for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
Inside of the sac is covered in a layer of lipid like material called surfactant

14. The Lungs Organ in which bronchi and alveoli are located
The right lung is divided to into three lobes, the Superior, the Middle, the Inferior
The Left lobe is in two sections the Superior and the Inferior
Left lung is smaller to make room for the heart
Each lung is enclosed in a sac called the pleura
Pleura is made up of two layers of serous membrane
The Visceral pleura attaches to the surface of the lung
The Parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall
Thin layer of pleural fluid is between the two to reduce friction during breathing

15. The Lungs

16. Process of Breathing Called Ventilation it has two Actions
Inspiration-Inhalation is the process of breathing in air. The diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to expand the thoracic cavity causing a vacuum. Air rushes in through the passageways down to the alveoli where gas exchange takes place.
Expiration-Occurs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. Air is then forced out of the lungs and passageways.
Inspiration and Expiration together is called Respiration.

17. Stages of Respiration
Two main stages of respiration are external respiration and internal respiration.
External Respiration
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood stream.
Oxygen Concentration is higher in the alveoli than the blood stream therefore oxygen leaves the alveoli and enters the blood stream
Carbon Dioxide concentration is higher in the blood stream than alveoli therefore it leaves the vessels and enters the alveoli

18. Stages of Respiration Internal Respiration
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the tissue cells and the vessels.
Oxygen carried to the tissue by the blood where the concentration is higher than the tissue forcing oxygen into the tissue, and since the carbon dioxide concentration is higher in the tissue that forces it from the tissue into the vessel.

19. Stages of Respiration Cellular Respiration
Cells use oxygen and nutrients that the blood carries to them.
Once oxygen and nutrients are used all waste products are then removed from the tissue back into the blood stream.

20. Stages of Respiration

21. Diseases of the System Asthma
Respiratory disorder usually caused by a reaction to an allergen like dust, pollen, animal, medications or food.
Bronchospasms narrow bronchioles, mucus production increase and edema builds in the mucosal lining
Symptoms include: difficulty breathing, wheezing, coughing, expectoration of sputum, and tightness in the chest
Treatment includes; bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory drugs, epinephrine, oxygen therapy

22. Diseases of the System
Bronchitis-Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes.
Acute Bronchitis is usually caused by infection and is characterized by; cough, dyspnea, rales (bubbly or noisy breath sounds), chest pain and fever
Treat with antibiotics, expectorants, rest and drinking large amounts of water
Chronic Bronchitis results from frequent acute cases, exposure to pollutants or smoking. Characterized by chronic inflammation, damaged cilia and enlarged mucous glands
Symptoms include: excessive mucus, productive cough, wheezing, dyspnea, chest pain, and prolonged air expiration
Treatment: no cure, antibiotics, bronchodilators, and respiratory therapy.

23. Diseases of the system Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Any disease that results in chronic obstruction of air passages
Chronic asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and tuberculosis all can lead to COPD
Smoking primary cause
Treatment options include: bronchodilators, mucolytic drugs, and cough medications.
Prognosis is poor because COPD is degenerative and loss of function eventually leads to death

24. Diseases of the System Emphysema
Chronic disorder where the walls of the alveoli lose their elasticity.
Carbon Dioxide remains trapped in the alveoli leading to poor gas exchange.
Common cause is heavy smoking and prolonged exposure to pollutants
Symptoms: dyspnea, feeling of suffocation, pain, barrel chest, chronic cough, cyanosis, rapid respirations followed by prolonged expirations
Treatment: no cure, bronchodilators, breathing exercises, prompt treatment of infections, avoiding smoking, oxygen therapy

25. Disease of the System
Epistaxis-nose bleed, occurs when the vessels of the nose become congested and bleed, also occurs due to trauma, hypertension, chronic infection, anticoagulant drugs and blood disease such as hemophilia and leukemia.
Compress the nostrils, apply cold compress or insert nasal packs to control bleed. If chronic cauterizing the vessels may be needed.

26. Disease of the System
Influenza-highly contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory system
Symptoms: chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain and fatigue
Treatment: bed rest, fluids, analgesics, and antipyretic
Immunization for the flu recommended for elderly, children health care workers, pregnant women, individuals with chronic diseases

27. Disease of the System
Laryngitis-inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords
Frequently occurs in conjunction with respiratory infection
Symptoms include: hoarseness, loss of voice, sore throat, and dysphagia
Treatment: rest, limited voice use, fluids and medications

28. Disease of the System Lung Cancer
Leading cause of cancer death in men and women
Preventable because major cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco smoke, either due to smoking or exposure to second hand smoke
Three types: Small Cell, Squamous Cell and Adenocarinoma
Symptoms: None in early stages, late stage include: chronic cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, fatigue, loss of weight and chest pain
Prognosis is poor due to late discovery, Treatment includes; removal of cancer, radiation and/or chemothreapy

29. Disease of the System Pleurisy-inflammation of the pleura
Occurs inconjunction with pneumonia.
Symptoms include: sharp, stabbing pain while breathing, crepitation, dyspnea, and fever
Treatment: rest, medications to relieve pain and inflammation
Thoracentesis-removal of fluid from the pleura sacks that surround the lungs

30. Disease of the System Pneumonia
Inflammation or infection of the lung characterized by exudate(fluid build up) in the alveoli
Usually caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa, or chemicals
Symptoms; chills, fever, chest pain, productive cough, dyspnea and fatigue
Treatment; bed rest, oxygen therapy, fluids, antibiotics, respiratory therapy, pain medication

31. Disease of the System Rhinitis Inflammation of nasal mucus membrane
Symptoms: runny nose, watery eyes, sneezing, soreness, and congestion
Treatment; Fluids, medications that relieve congestion

32. Disease of the System Sinusitis
Inflammation of the mucus membranes that line the sinus cavities
Multiple membranes may be affected.
Usually caused by bacterial or viral infections
Symptoms: headache, pressure, dizziness, thick nasal discharge, congestion and loss of voice resonance
Treatment; analgesics, antibiotics, decongestants, and moist inhalations
Can be surgically opened to encourage drainage

33. Disease of the System
Sleep Apnea- Individual stops breathing while sleeping
Two Kinds- Obstructive and Central
Obstructive-Caused by muscles that keep the airway relax and allow the tongue and palate to block airway
Central-Disorder of the respiratory control center of the brain. More common in men with factors such as obesity, hypertension, smoking, alcohol ingestion and or use of sedatives
Treatment-lose of weight, abstain from smoking and alcohol, limit sedatives and encourage sleeping on side or stomach
In severe cases use of a Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine (CPAP) may be required, this delivers air into the passage ways.

34. Disease of the System
Tuberculosis- infection of the lungs caused by a bacterium
Symptoms; fatigue, fever, night sweats, weight loss, hemoptysis and chest pain
Treatment; administering drugs for one or more years to destroy bacterium, good nutrition and rest
Discovery of a strain resistant to drugs have made TB a potential candidate for widespread infection

35. Disease of the System Upper Respiratory Infection Common Cold
Infection of the mucus membrane of the upper respiratory tract
Caused by viruses and are highly contagious
Symptoms: fever, runny nose, watery eyes, congestion, sore throat, and hacking cough
Treatment; No cure, analgesics antipyretics, rest, increased fluid intake, and antihistamines