1. Created by Nyssa Bulkes
Abstracts
Created by Nyssa Bulkes

2. THE BASICS 1-2 paragraphs 100-250 words
Covers the main points of your paper as well as what your reader can expect to learn from your paper
No surprises!
The last thing you write in your research-paper writing process
Standards vary from journal to journal and from discipline to discipline

3. TWO KINDS Results-driven abstract Summary-driven abstract
Results are the focus; what can be deduced from results
Summary-driven abstract
Focus is the entire paper; summarizes each section in 1- 2 sentences
Some journals ask for key words for searches

4. LINGUISTIC FEATURES Verb tense Active or passive
Present tense used for conclusions, what is to be done with results
In RP summary, present or present-perfect tense for opening statements of abstract
Active or passive
Active voice invites the researcher to be part of abstract
Passive eliminates the agent
1st v. 3rd person verbs, use of pronouns
1st person can make an abstract shorter, more lively
 “We conclude…” “We find that…” “We argue that…”
3rd person adds distance, formality
 “The researchers conclude that…”

5. HOW TO DECIDE? Read abstracts by scholars in your field
Refer to the journal you’re submitting a paper to
Ask an adviser

6. EXAMPLE 1
Version A
A count of sentence connectors in 12 academic papers produced 70 different connectors. These varied in frequency from 62 tokens (however) to single occurrences. Seventy-five percent of the 467 examples appeared in sentence-initial position. However, individual connectors varied considerable in position preference. Some (e,g., in addition) always occurred initially; in other cases (for example, therefore), they were placed after the subject more that 50% of the time. These finding suggest that a search for general rules for connector position may not be fruitful.

7. EXAMPLE 2
Version B
Although sentence connectors are a well-recognized feature of academic writing, little research has been undertaken on their positioning. In this study, we analyze the position of 467 connectors found in a sample of 12 research papers. Seventy-five percent of the connectors occurred at the beginning of sentences. However, individual connectors varied greatly in positional preference. Some, such as in addition, only occurred initially; others, such as therefore, occurred initially in only 40% of the cases. These preliminary findings suggest that general rules for connector position will prove elusive.

8. CONCLUSION
Decide whether research-paper summary or results- driven abstract is best for your paper
Refer to resources in your field
Familiarize yourself with the standards; inquire to specific journals about their expectations