1. Sports Nutrition
Lesson 28

2. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Chronic diseases like cancer and coronary heart disease are complex and involve multiple risk factors.
Eliminating or reducing an many risk factors as possible is the best approach to optimize your health.
Your diet is one of the most important risk factors that can be modified to promote good health.
Coronary Heart Disease is still the #1 cause of death in industrialized nations. In this lesson we will focus on the role of dietary fats in health problems

3. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
HOW DOES CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DEVELOP?
Nearly one out of two deaths in the US is due to diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
One million Americans die from some form of cardiovascular disease each year, including coronary heart disease, stroke,hypertensive disease, rheumatic heart disease, and congenital heart disease.
Coronary Heart Disease responsible for more than half of the above deaths.

4. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
CHD is also known as coronary artery disease because obstruction of the blood flow in the coronary arteries is responsible for the pathological effects of the disease.
The major event of CHD is a heart attack, which results from blood flow stoppage to parts of the heart muscle.
A decreased flow, known as ischemia will deprive the heart of needed oxygen.
In some cases ischemia will result in angina, a sharp pain in the chest, jaw or along the inside of the arm.

5. Dietary Fats: Health Implications

6. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Coronary Thrombosis, - a blockage of a blood vessel by a clot (thrombosis)
Coronary Occlusion - means blockage
Myocardial infarct - death of heart cells that do not get enough oxygen
The major cause of blocked arteries in Arteriosclerosis

7. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Atherosclerosis - a condition in which the arterial walls thicken and lose their elasticity.
Sometimes called hardening of the arteries.
It can be characterized by the formation of plaque.
Plaque - an accumulation of fatty acids, oxidized LDL cholesterol, macrophages (white blood cells that oxidize LDL), foam cells (macrophages that consume cholesterol), cytokines, cellular debris, fibrin and calcium on the inner lining of the coronary artery wall.

8. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
A cap of smooth muscle cells form around the plaque to prevent contact with the arterial wall.
As the plaque accumulates, the diameter of the artery is diminished, decreasing blood flow to the heart muscle.
Foam cells continue to accumulate, becoming a major component of the plaque.

9. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
The foam cells secrete a substance that can weaken the muscle cap. If the muscle cap ruptures, plaque will leak into the bloodstream and trigger the formation of a clot. The clot will partially or completely block blood flow to a section of heart muscle.This will lead to death of the cardiac cells.

10. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Atherosclerosis is a slow, progressive disease that begins in childhood. Much research has been done to determine the cause of CHD. The actual cause has not yet been completely identified, but considerable evidence has identified factors that may predispose someone.
3 Principal Risk Factors
High blood pressure
High serum cholesterol levels
Cigarette smoking

11. Dietary Fats: Health Implications

12. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Other Risk Factors:
Physical inactivity
Heredity
Diabetes
Diet
Obesity
Age
Gender
stress

13. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Go to the website and use the questionaire to assess your risk of developing coronary heart disease.

14. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
The 4 main serum lipid factors associated with increased risk of atherosclerosis are:
Total cholesterol
LDL-cholesterol
HDL-cholesterol
triglycerides

15. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
TOTAL CHOLESTEROL
Serum cholesterol seems to be the major player in atherosclerosis.
Cholesterol of less than 200(mg/dl) is considered to be desirable
borderline-high
240 or above - high

16. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
LDL - Cholesterol
A major risk factor associated with atherosclerosis.
A small dense form of LDL may be more prone to oxidation by macrophages at an injured site in the atrial epithelium
This leads to an influx into the cell wall and the formation of plaque
LDL levels of 100 are optimal
LDL levels of 160 or above are high risk
LDL levels of very high risk

17. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
HDL - Cholesterol
Appears to be a protective factor
Picks up cholesterol from arterial wall and transports it to the liver for removal from the body
HDL levels are higher in women until menopause and then decrease
disease/facts_about_heart_disease_in_women-sub-category/statistics-at-a- glance/
60 mg+ appear to be protective

18. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Triglycerides
Elevated triglyceride levels may be a significant risk factor for CHD
150 mg/dl are normal

19. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Testing for CHD risk factor and medical advice are they best choices.
Dietary changes can help prevent and reduce your risk factors.
Many of the recommendations are similar to the Prudent Health Diet

20. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Maintain ideal body weight
One of the most common causes of high triglyceride levels is too much body fat
Abdominal fat
Reduce total amounts of fat in the diet
30-35% of calories from fat
Reduce the amount of saturated fat in the di

21. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Reduce the amount of saturated fat in the diet
Animal foods contain significant amounts of saturated fat
Hamburger meat is the biggest single contributor of saturated fat to
the American diet
Processed meats are relatively high if fat
Palm, Palm Kernel and coconut oils may be 50-90% saturated fat
Choose canola, olive, safflower, sunflower, corn, sesame, soybean or peanut oils

22. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
4. Reduce trans fats
Reduce consumption of margarine, white bread, packaged goods such as cookies, crackers, potato chips, cakes, fast fried foods like french fries

23. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
5. Use monounsaturated fats, such as olive oil
6. Consume adequate amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
7. Eat fish, particularly fatty fish, at least 2x/week.
Mackerel, lake trout, herring, sardines, albacore tuna, and salmon

24. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Eat more fish - that being said, it raises some questions.
Some types of fish may contain significant amounts of mercury.

25. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
8. Limit the amount of dietary cholesterol
9. Limit the consumption of artificial fats
10. Reduce intake of refined CHO
11. Nibble food throughout the day rather than have 3 substantial meals

26. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Bottom Line
You should not eliminate fat from your diet, but reduce the amount

27. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
Can exercise cause favorable changes?
Studies have been done about all kinds of exercise at all levels of intensity. Exercise will help reduce the risk of CHD, but that is because it can cause loss of excess weight and lower blood pressure.
The only thing that affected serum lipid levels (independent of change in body composition) was moderate intensity leisure activity - brisk walking.

28. Dietary Fats: Health Implications
The American Heart Association established its Food Certification Program in to provide consumers an easy and reliable way to identify heart-healthy foods. Foods that display the distinctive red heart with the white check mark are evaluated to meet the program standards.
Find at least 3 foods from each of the food groups that display this symbol. Take photos of the food and print the photos.
Meat and Beans, Fruit and Vegetable, Dairy, Grains, Fats
Prepare an educational poster featuring heart healthy foods.