1. Chapter 4: Ancient Greece
Focus: What enduring traditions and institutions did Greek culture extend to most of the Western world?

2. 4.1- Early People of the Aegean Focus: How did the Minoans and Mycenaeans shape early Greek Civilization?
The Greek culture is believed to have had its earliest beginnings on the Island of Crete*
Crete was influenced by many other area’s surrounding the Mediterranean: Egypt, Mesopotamia, Phoenicia
(Cultural Diffusion)

3. 4.1- Early People of the Aegean
Crete was home to a civilization known as the Minoans*
The name Minoan comes from the name of the Island nations greatest king: Minos.
King Minos along with other rulers lived in a palace at Knossos - capital
Knossos was covered with
frescoes - watercolor paintings*

4. 4.1- Early People of the Aegean
Minoans replaced by Mycenaeans*
Conquer Greek mainland and Crete
Known as excellent sailors and traders*

5. 4.1- Early People of the Aegean
Mycenaeans (Greeks) are best remembered for their part in:
The Trojan War*
Fought against Trojans (Troy)*
Trojan Horse*
Greeks finally seize Troy and burn it to the ground*

6. 4.1- Early People of the Aegean
Much of Early Greek History comes from the
Epic Poems:
The Iliad and The Odyssey*
Epic Poems written by Homer*
Show the values of ancient Greece: honor, courage

7. 4.2 – The Rise of Greek City-States Focus: How did government & culture develop as Greek city-states grew?
Geography*
Lives shaped by land
Mountains & water divide valley’s into city-states*
¼ of land is farmable
Easy access to the sea – powerful traders & sailors*
Adopt Phoenician alphabet

8. Greece - Geography

9. 4.2 – Governing the City-States
Polis* – independent Greek city-states
Acropolis* – highest point of the city (hilltop)
Temples*

10. 4.2 – Governing the City-States
Citizens – free residents*
Outdoors
Unequal – male landowners hold all political power

11. 4.2 – Governing the City-States
Different forms of government
Monarchy* – hereditary ruler has central power
Aristocracy* – rule by landholding elite
Oligarchy* – power by small group of wealthy elite (merchants, artisans, farmers)

12. 4.2 – Governing the City-States
Phalanx*
tactical formation of armed foot soldiers*
Bronze to iron weapons

13. Athens** 4.2 - Greek City States
Government: Had a limited democracy- only landholding men*
Had a legislature- law making body*
Women: rarely seen in public - Stayed home to work
Education: Knowledge very important (boys only)*

14. 4. 2 Greek City States http://www. history
Sparta**
Government:
- 2 Kings
- council
Military Society**: Children trained to fight early, sickly and weak were discarded
Women: Trained for military service (wrestling) protect home when men leave. Leads to more rights and privileges.*

16. 4.2 – Forces of Unity Greeks were united by:* Religion* Language*
Superiority: (barbaroi - couldn’t speak Greek)
Religion*
Polytheistic*

17. 4.2 – Forces of Unity - Religion
Mt. Olympus – home of the Gods
Zeus – presides over affairs of gods & humans*
Ares – god of war
Aphrodite – goddess of love
Athena – goddess of wisdom

19. 4.2 – Forces of Unity
Oracles – priests or priestesses through which the gods speak*

20. 4.3 – Conflict in the Greek World Focus: How did war with invaders and conflict among Greeks affect the city-states?
The Persian Wars – Greece vs. Persian Empire*
499 B.C. – Ionian Greeks rebel against Persian rule
Athens helps Greek city-states (unity)

22. Persian Wars Thermopylae* Battle of Marathon* 490 B.C. 480 B.C.
Greeks defeat Darius*
Thermopylae*
480 B.C.
Mtn. pass guarded by Spartans – Xerxes defeats Greece* (300)

23. 4.3 - Persian Wars 480 B.C. – Battle of Salamis* Greeks defeat Xerxes*
Greek ships (powered by rowers) sank the
Persian Navy Army

24. 4.3 – Conflict in the Greek World
Athens becomes most powerful city-state in Greece
Delian League – formed as a result of the Persian Wars*
Alliance – formal agreement between two or more nations or powers to cooperate and come to one another’s defense*

25. 4.3 – Pericles & Direct Democracy in Athens 460 B.C. – 429 B.C.
Pericles – an able statesman that led Athens into a golden age*
Forms Direct Democracy- citizens take part directly in government affairs*
Stipend – fixed salary* – paid govn’t participants
Jury – panel of citizens with authority to make the final judgment in a trial* (possibly in the 100’s or 1000’s)
Over 30 years old
Serve one year
Ostracism – to banish or send away a public figure who threatened democracy*
10 years outside of city

26. 4.3 – Peloponnesian War (431 B.C. – 404 B.C.)
Athens v. Sparta*
Peloponnesian League
Sparta & enemies of Athens*
Sparta – inland, powerful army*
Athens – coast, powerful navy*
Disadvantage – land battle
Allows all Athenians inside city walls
Plague*
Sparta defeats Athens*

27. Peloponnesian War

28. 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece Focus: How did Greek thinkers, artists, and writers explore the nature of the universe and people’s place in it?
Philosophers: Lovers of Wisdom
Philosopher – thinker; seeks to understand and explain life – threat to Greek traditions*
Logic – rational thinking
Reason and observation*
Rhetoric – art of skillful speaking*
Success above values

29. 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece
Socrates – “The unexamined life is not worth living.”
Athenian philosopher
Questioned others about their beliefs and traditions*
Death penalty

31. 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece
Plato
Wrote The Republic
Ideal Society*
Workers - necessities
Soldiers - defend
Philosophers - rule
Aristotle
Lyceum*
Rule by single leader*
Influenced Alexander the Great

32. 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece
Idealism in Architecture and Art
Parthenon*
Temple to the goddess Athena
Balance and order*
Sculptures*
Lifelike
Idealize the human body; perfect, graceful*

33. 4.4 – The Glory That Was Greece
Greek Literature
Large outdoor theatres
Tragedy* – told stories of human suffering that usually ended in disaster
Comedy* – humorous plays that mocked people or customs

34. 4.5- Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Focus: How did Alexander the Great expand the empire and spread Greek culture throughout the realm?

35. 4.5 – Alexander the Great Macedonia – north of Greece Phillip II
Conquered Greece
Wanted to capture Persia
Was assassinated

36. 4.5 – Alexander the Great Alexander becomes Emperor at 20
Shares his fathers goals
Great Military Leader
Conquers Persian Empire (Egypt to India)
Extends his empire as far east as India*
Dies suddenly at 32 (disease)
Empire falls apart
Battle for power

37. 4.5 – Alexander the Great

38. 4.5 – Alexander the Great Legacy:
Combined Cultures:
People assimilated, or absorbed, Greek ideas
Alexandria, Egypt
Pharos, Lighthouse
Museum
Extended the Rights of Women
Enabled Cleopatra to rule Egypt

39. 4.5 – Hellenistic Culture Advances in: Philosophy Math and Astronomy
The culture left behind from Alexander’s Empire became known as :
Hellenistic – blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian influences
Advances in:
Philosophy
Math and Astronomy
Medicine

40. 4.5 – Hellenistic Culture Philosophy:
Political turmoil creates new ideas
Zeno- urges to accept life’s challenges
All people are morally equal - power of reasoning

41. 4.5 – Hellenistic Culture Math and Astronomy:
Pythagoras - Pythagorean Theorem
Aristarchus- proposes Heliocentric universe
Sun-centered solar system
Archimedes- applied physics to make practical inventions: lever and pulley

42. 4.5- Hellenistic Culture:
Medicine
Hippocrates:
Studies Illness
Hippocratic Oath
Doctors: swear to help injured and sick according to their ability with only good intentions