1. The Antecedents of Psychoanalysis

2. Roots of Psychoanalysis
The Unconscious in Philosophy
The Unconscious in Psychology
Darwin and the Unconscious
Approaches to Mental Illness and the Unconscious
Hypnosis and the Unconscious

3. The Unconscious in Philosophy
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz ( )
Arthur Schopenhauer( )
Friedrich Herbart ( )

4. Leibnitz
...at every moment there is in us an infinity of perceptions, unaccompanied by awareness or reflection.... That is why we are never indifferent, even when we appear to be most so.... The choice that we make arises from these insensible stimuli, which... make us find one direction of movement more comfortable than the other.
Unconscious (petites) perceptions guide our choices.

5. Schopenhauer Wrote The World as Will and Representation.
The will is unconscious
It manifests itself as sexual desire (the strongest, most active of desires) and as “love of life”
Uses the concept of “repression”

6. Herbart Notion of “threshold of consciousness”
To emerge into consciousness, an idea cannot be incongruous or irrelevant
Inhibited ideas are unconscious
Ideas struggle for conscious realization

7. The Unconscious in Psychology
Fechner: the mind as an iceberg, most of it submerged and unconscious
Wundt’s distinction between apprehension and apperception
Robert Louis Stevenson’s novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde

8. Darwin and the Unconscious
(through Romanes’ books)
Hidden symbolism of behaviors and dreams
Non rational aspects of thought and behavior (leading to the “id”)
Centrality of sexuality, present in children too.

9. Approaches to Mental Illness
Spiritual (demonology)
Sociological (emprisonment w/ poor and criminal)
Biological
Psychological (moral therapy, hypnosis)

10. Therapy and the Unconscious: Hypnosis
Anton Mesmer ( ): magnetism
Jean Martin Charcot ( ): catharsis under hypnosis
Bernheim ( : post-hypnotic amnesia and suggestion
Pierre Janet( ) hysteria caused by repression and unconscious forces

11. The End