3. II- Organic molecules Organic molecules are those that:
1) formed by the actions of living things.
2) have a carbon backbone.
Each organic molecule group has small molecules (monomers) that are linked to form a larger organic molecule (macromolecule).
Monomers can be joined together to form polymers that are the large macromolecules made of three to millions of monomer subunits.

4. Mono-mer Di-mer Poly-mer
(Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and nucleic acids)
Mono-mer
Di-mer
Poly-mer
Polymer is a long molecule consists of a chain of similar building molecules (monomers) covalently bounded together.
Polymer can be built up by linking its monomers by dehydration (removing H2O).
Polymer can be broken down to its monomers by hydrolysis (adding H2O).

5. Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, are fuel and carbon sources.
Fuel and Building Material
Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, are fuel and carbon sources.
2. Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural functions

6. Monosaccharides, are the simplest carbohydrates (simple sugars).
Fuel and Building Material
Monosaccharides, are the simplest carbohydrates (simple sugars).
Disaccharides, double sugars, consist of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration.
Polysaccharides, are polymers of many monosaccharides.

7. C C C 1- Monosaccharides OH H O O H OH O H OH Fructose Glyceraldehyde
Hexose Sugar
Pentose Sugar C OH H O
Fructose C O H OH
Ribose
Triose Sugar C O H OH
Glyceraldehyde

8. 2- Disaccharides 2(C6H12O6) C12H22O11 + H2O 1- Maltose 2 Glucose

9. 2- Lactose (milk sugar): consists of Glucose + Galactose.
3- Sucrose (table sugar): consists of Glucose + Fructose.

11. 3- Polysaccharides
Consisted of few hundreds to few thousands of monosaccharides.
They are two types:
1- Storage: Provide sugar for cell by hydrolysis.
2- Structural : Serve as building materials for the organism.

12. A)- Storage Polysaccharides
I- Starch (in plants)
A storage polysaccharide of plants (within plastids).
It is consisted of thousands of  glucose molecules.
Potatoes and grains are the major source of starch.

13. II- Glycogen (in animals)
Stored in animal cells (e.g. liver and muscle cells in Human).
It is consisted of thousands of glucose molecules.

14. B)- Structural Polysaccharides
I- Cellulose
It is the building material of plants (cell wall).
It is consisted of thousands of β glucose molecules.
Human cannot digest it, but some bacteria and protozoa can (e.g. in Termites and Cows stomach).

15. II- Chitin It is the building material of the cuticle in insects.
It is consisted of thousands of glucose molecules with a N atom in one end.
It is used to manufacture the surgical threads.

16. The Summary Carbohydrates No. of C atoms No. of sugar molecules
Triose (3C)
Glyceraldehyde
Pentose (5C)
Ribose
Hexose (6C)
Glucose
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Glucose & Fructose
Maltose & Sucrose
Storage
Structural
Starch (in plants) & Glycogen (in animals)
Cellulose (in plants)
& Chitin (in insects)