1. Introduction to the Muscular System

2. Types of Muscles Smooth (Visceral) Cardiac Skeletal
Involuntary, viscera, arteries, hollow organs
Involuntary, striated heart
Voluntary, striated

3. Functions of Muscle Tissue
Movement
Maintain posture and positions
Stabilize joints
Other functions
Heat
Protection
Controls entrances and exits

4. Muscle Structure
Sarcolemma
Muscle Fiber
Myofibril
Actin
Myosin

5. Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Sarcomere
Z-Line
Actin
Myosin

6. Muscle Actions Extensors increase the angle of a joint;
Flexors decrease the angle.
Abductors move a body part away from the midline axis
Adductors move it toward
Protractors/retractors push a part away from its base or pull it back.
Levators/depressors raise and lower body parts.
Supinators turn the palms or soles upward;
Pronators turn them downward.
Sphincters constrict an opening and
Constrictors restrict a space.
Dilators reverse both of these actions.
Rotators turn a part on its long axis.

7. Generating a Force A single muscle cell As a group of cells:
All or nothing
As a group of cells:
varying numbers of fibers within a muscle can be contracted
greater rate of stimulation produces a greater force
There is a limit to the amount of force that can be generated
Superhuman Strength

8. Coordination: Building Neurological Connections
The more times you carry out an activity the more neurological connections are formed and the more coordinated their response becomes.
Learning in Your Sleep

9. Potentiation: Muscle Memory

10. Tendons
tightly packed bundles of parallel collagen fibers that connect muscles to bones

11. Ligaments
join bone to bone, and thus bind the skeleton together in a passive fashion

12. have opposite functions
ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLES
have opposite functions

13. have the same function and work together
SYNERGISTIC MUSCLES
have the same function and work together

14. Origin: point where the muscle attaches to the least moveable bone A fixator is a muscle that helps to hold the origin bone in place Insertion: point where muscle is attached to a moveable bone When the muscle contracts the insertion moves towards the origin

15. Muscle Tone
at any given time, some muscles are being stimulated while other are not causing tightened, or firmed muscle
responsible for keeping the back and legs straight and the head upright