1. Kansainväliset sopimukset Kalvot 1b
Kansainvälisten markkinoiden juridiset rakenteet
Matti Rudanko

2. 1. INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICY
Starting point: closed (national) markets
int’l market
National
market (State A) B D C
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

3. The Goal: Global Free Trade
Integrated national and international market B A C D
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

4. Free trade: advantages/drawbacks
economic growth (efficiency; the Coasian model)
global welfare and the interests of developing countries ?
political/cultural influence and added economic resources help to strengthen democracy and improve social structures
”race to the bottom” in social protection
free trade tends to bring welfare especially to those who are already well off
multinationals
industrialized countries
(non-democratic) governments of developing countries
cf. the Rawlsian concept of justice
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

5. Importance to companies
level playing field
global markets
reduced risks related to foreign markets
market strategies, e.g.
pricing policies
marketing
establishing abroad
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

6. Commercial policy instruments I
Reaction by: government (the state)
WTO : harmonization of national (and EU) measures
EU: replaces national norms
allowed grounds:
market disruptions: GATT art. XI, XIX
COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 260/2009 on the common rules for imports
barriers to trade
dumping
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

7. Commercial policy instruments II
Purposes aimed at:
equilibrium of the balance of payments
ensuring foreign trade
other national economic goals: economic growth, production, employment
Measures:
trade monitoring; licenses, import permits
price undertakings / anti-dumping duties
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

8. Rules for Imports Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1
GATT art. XI, XIX, COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 260/2009 on the common rules for imports
reactions: surveillance, safeguard measures (including import quotas under auspices of WTO)
allowed grounds:
domestic agricultural overproduction
balance of payment problems
foreign trade of developing countries
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

9. Rules for Imports, cont.
Examination of the trend in imports and of serious injury or threat of serious injury to Community producers resulting from such imports shall cover in particular:
(a) the volume of imports,
(b) the price of imports,
(c) the consequent impact on Community producers as indicated by trends in certain economic factors such as:
production, capacity utilisation or stocks,
sales or market share,
prices, profits or cash flow,
employment
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

10. Control of Barriers to Trade
target: public commercial policy measures
conflicting with international law and rules of international trade
such as:
duties and other payments
quantitative restrictions (EU Regulation 260/2009, GATT XIX)
technical barriers (safety and other regulations)
state subsidies
diskrimination in public procurement
divergent IPR protection
reaction: counter-measures (e.g. EU Reg. 260/2009)
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

11. Dumping Control Imposing anti-dumping duties normal value = selling
Requirements for imposing anti-dumping duties (EU regulation):
a realized / imminent substantial damage to corresponding EU production
causal relationship to the export
interest of the Community
normal value
= selling
price on the
home market
of the export
country or the
export price
to another
country
anti-dumping
duty
export
price
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

12. Allowed protection/protectionism
National Supporting and Protective Measures
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

13. Pricing on International Markets
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14. Impact of Competition Law
Both public and private interests
sound and efficient competition
the interests of customers and consumers (sometimes those of a competitor)
initiative to reactions comes from private actors / supervision authorities
the sanctions are effected by authorities
prohibitions, economic sanctions
damages liability, nullity of illegal transactions of cartels and monopolies (decided in national general courts)
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

15. Impact of Marketing Law
Private interests
legal protection of consumers / competitors
Consumer Protection Act / Act on Improper Business Practices
the reaction follows on the initiative of a private actor or an authority
the reaction is effected by the authority
a ban on the marketing practice
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

16. Common Policies of the EU
Trade Policy
harmonized with WTO Rules
Development cooperation policy
Treaty on the functioning of the European Union TFEU 2008 replacing the Treaty Establishing the EEC 4(4), 208, 214, Treaty on the European Union TEU or Maastricht Treaty 3(5), 21
sustainable development
interests of developing countries
eradication of poverty
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

17. Actors and Structures of World Trade
Citizens’ organizations
Multinationals
Industrialized
countries
Smaller
companies
World Trade
WTO
OECD
Etc.
Developing
countries
UNCTAD
Trade unions
“Nations”
Governments
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1

18. WTO and OECD Outside countries WTO (159 members) USA OECD (34 members)
The pivotal groupings of world trade
Outside countries
WTO (159 members)
USA
OECD (34 members)
JAPAN EU
Markkinoiden juridinen toimintaympäristö Kalvot 1