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Globalization and europeanization
Definitions
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What is Globalization? Intensification of worldwide social relations and interactions A stretching of social, political and economic activities across political frontiers such that distant events acquire very localized impacts and vice versa. Intensification and the growing magnitude of interconnectedness in many spheres Accelerating pace of transborder interactions and processes Growing collective awareness of the world as a shared social space. Facilitated by information and transportation technology
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Domains of Globalization
Economic: long distance flows of goods, services, capital, and information Capital flight Socio-cultural: movement of ideas, people, information, and images Migration and multi-culturalism MTV, Youtube Environment: long-distance spread of pollution and disease Global warming Health epidemics Military: long-distance organization and projection of force International terrorist networks
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Globalists and Skeptics
Is it historically unprecedented? Age of colonialism Is it irreversible? Events of 11 September Global financial crisis Is it Empire in disguise? Is it a stage of capitalism? Is it a discourse?
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What is Europeanization?
Development of institutions of governance at the European level (European Union, Council of Europe) Common agricultural policy, monetary union European Court of Human Rights Subjection of domestic politics to European policy- making and norms Europeanization of social security systems Exporting European forms of organization and governance beyond EU territory Membership conditionality Association relationships
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Globalization and Europeanization
Europeanization –an intensified form of globalization on a regional scale Europeanization –a regional response to globalization Representative institutions Social and redistributive policies
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Political Power and Globalization
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Reconfiguration of Political Power
Modern state as principal type of political rule 18th and 19th century Correspondence between territory, sovereignty, and legitimacy Supreme jurisdiction over a demarcated political area Enjoying a monopoly of coercive power Nation-state: Legitimacy based on consent and loyalty of citizens International society of states Territorial sovereignty Formal equality Non-intervention in internal affairs State consent
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Reconfiguration of Political Power
New international actors International Governmental Organizations (IGOs) Multi-national corporations (MNCs) International non-governmental organizations (INGOs) and transnational social movements International terrorist and criminal networks Increasing number of international treaties Cosmopolitan law –limiting the political power of individual states
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Intergovernmental Organizations
Associations of states created to advance common goals and whose activities extend beyond national boundaries. Based on the principle of sovereign equality. United Nations and the UN system (global) To maintain international peace and security To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character International Labor Organization World Health Organization United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
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Intergovernmental Organizations
Economic Institutions World Bank International Monetary Fund World Trade Organization Regional Organizations European Union North American Free Trade Area Organization of American States Association of Southeast Asian Nations African Union
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IGOs and Globalization
Promotion of free markets, liberal democracy, and human rights Single purpose to multi-purpose More intrusive, states cede sovereignty voluntarily. Peace-making and state-building East Timor, UN Transnational Administration, ; Kosovo, UN Transnational Administration, ; Bosnia UN Mission Membership conditionality European Union and Council of Europe World Trade Organization Adjudication World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement European Court of Human Rights
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International Non-governmental Organizations
Non-state actors organized transnationally around a particular issue area Amnesty International, Doctors Without Borders, Greenpeace Roles: Provide information Issue-based campaigns Transnational leverage Administer local projects, deliver assistance Assets: Credibility: do not represent state or commercial interests Represent local and grassroots constituencies
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Number of IGOs and INGOs
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MNCs and Public/Private Partnerships
Multi-National Corporations: engages in foreign direct investment and owns or controls value-added activities in more than one country Public/private partnerships Private security: Blackhawk in Iraq Health sector, vaccines and fight against disease Global Compact: MNCs, IGOs, INGOs, and governments cooperate to advocate core values. Private sector standard- setting to avoid public regulation Accounting, credit-rating, product health and safety standards
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Human Rights 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Many covenants and protocols Sovereignty as responsibility and responsibility to protect UN Report and resolution States have the primary responsibility to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity The international community has responsibility to provide assistance to states in building capacity for the above. The international community has responsibility to take timely and decisive action against states that fail to protect their populations
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Crimes against Humanity- International Tribunals
Nuremburg Trials after WW2 International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia ICT for Rwanda Special Courts (Sierra Leone, Lebanon, Cambodia) International Criminal Court 2002 Cases where accused is a citizen of a state party. (China, US, Russia, Turkey are not parties) Cases after founding Rome Treaty came into effect. Uganda, DR Congo, Central African Republic, Darfur (Sudan) Nazi genocide did not actually violate either international law or German law. Therefore a new category of legal offenses –crimes against humanity- was created in order to punish those responsible. Not used until ICTY.
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Pinochet Controversy Brutal dictatorship in Chile, 1973-1990.
Spain’s National Court initiated investigations on human rights violations against Spaniards in Chile during Pinochet regime. Pinochet was arrested in the UK at the request of Spain on murder charges in 1998 in 2000 British Home Secretary Jack Straw decided that Gen Pinochet can return to Chile In March 2000, after Pinochet's return, the Congress approved a constitutional amendment which granted him immunity from prosecution General Pinochet ousted Allende in a CIA-sponsored coup and established a brutal dictatorship in 1973, dissolved the Congress and declared a country-wide state of siege General Pinochet was filed by relatives of "disappeared" detainees and political parties on cases of human rights violations committed during the military government (ordering killings, abductions and torture of over 1000 Chileans and others during his 17 years of rule In Spain, the National Court (Audiencia Nacional) initiated investigations on human rights violations against Spaniards in Chile during the government of General Pinochet
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Pinochet Controversy
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The International Criminal Court and Sudan President Omar Al-Bashir
ICC issued an arrest warrant for al-Bashir in March 2009, for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Darfur Sudan's President Omar al- Bashir delayed his visit to Turkey for Organization of the Islamic Conference in November 2009 Turkey and Sudan do not recognize the ICC and the Rome Statue Gul and al-Bashir During Darfur War, which started in 2003, approximately 300,000 non-Arab population (Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa) were killed by by the Janjaweed militia (backed by Sudanese army) and 2.5 million people were displaced.
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Reconfiguration of Political Power in Europe
Issues of exclusive competence, shared competence, and national (complementary) competence. Exclusive: Common trade policy, monetary policy Shared: social policy, environmental policy National: education, culture EU institutions: European Commission: represent European interest. One bureaucrat/ state European Council: represent national interests. Vote weights proportional to population European Parliament: directly elected. Represent ideological interests. Seats proportional to population
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Reconfiguration of Political Power in Europe
Policy-making: Intergovernmentalism: unanimity in European Council, little role for Commission and Parliament. Supranationalism: Commission sets agenda, Council decides on majority vote with the Parliament. Multi-level governance: sharing of decision-making between European, national, and local levels.
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