1. Biodiversity and Conservation Chapter 5 (pgs. 116 – 135)
Mrs. Einstein
Biology Enriched

2. 5.1 Biodiversity (pgs.116 – 121)
Biodiversity - the variety of life in an area that is determined by the number of different species in that area.
Currently there are 1.8 million identified species

3. Three types of Biodiversity:
Increases stability of an ecosystem
Contributes to health of biosphere
Three types of Biodiversity:
Genetic diversity
Species diversity
Ecosystem diversity

4. 3 Main Types of Biodiversity
1. Genetic Diversity:
The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that are present in a population
Ex. Many different types of lady bugs!
Genetic diversity increases the chances that some species will survive during changing environmental conditions or during the outbreak of disease.
Think = within a species

5. 3 Main Types of Biodiversity
2. Species Diversity:
The number of different species and the relative abundance of each species in a biological community
Ex. More different types of species live closer to the equator!
THINK = between different species

6. Think – pair - share 1. population 2. ecosystem 3. species
With the person sitting next to you, review the following terms:
1. population
2. ecosystem
3. species

7. 3 Main Types of Biodiversity
3. Ecosystem Diversity:
The variety of ecosystems that are present in the biosphere
Ex. Ecosystem in Alaska has different abiotic factors to support Dall Sheep where an ecosystem in Peru in would have different abiotic factors to support a variety of birds.

8. Importance of Biodiversity Think – Pair - Share
With the person sitting next to you, think of 5 ways we depend on the ecosystem.

9. Importance of Biodiversity
A. Direct Economic Value:
1. Humans depend on plants and animals for food, clothing, medicine, and shelter.
2. Most of the world’s food crops come from just a few species
Wild species serve as reservoirs of desirable genetic traits that might be needed to improve domestic crop species.
Ex. Against disease, drought, etc.
Teosinte plant
Domestic corn plant

10. Importance of Biodiversity
A. Direct Economic Value (cont.):
3. Genetic Engineering:
Able to transfer genes from one species into other species
Ex. Insect resistant crops
4. Scientists continue to find new extracts from plants and other organisms that help in the treatment of human diseases.
Ex. Penicillin – extracted from bread mold
Ex. Madagascar Periwinkle used to treat leukemia
Madagascar periwinkle

11. Importance of Biodiversity
B. Indirect Economic Value:
1. A healthy biosphere provides many services to humans and other organisms that live on Earth
2. Green plants provide oxygen to the atmosphere and remove carbon dioxide
3. Natural processes provide drinking water that is safe for human use.
An economic study revealed that improving the biodiversity in the ecosystem would help clean NYC water supply and would be less expensive than using technology to perform the same service.

12. Think – Pair – Share 5.1 Summative Questions
1. Give a brief definition, in your own words, of “biodiversity.” 2. List the three different kinds of biodiversity. 3. What parts of the Earth have the greatest biodiversity? 4. What is the relationship between diversity and latitude?

13. Think – Pair – Share Sample Test Questions

14. DO Now Why are the bees dying?

15. 5.2 Threats to Biodiversity pgs. 122-128
I. Extinction Rates:
The gradual process of species becoming extinct is known as background extinction.

16. Extinction Rate Facts
Some scientists predict that 1/3 to 2/3 of all plant and animal species will become extinct during the second half of this century.
Some Scientists estimate the current extinction rate to be 1000x the normal background extinction rate.
About 12% of the 9,934 known bird species and 20% of the 5,416 known mammalian species in the world are threatened with extinction.
About 20% of known freshwater fish in the world have either become extinct during historical times or are seriously threatened.
About 32% of all known amphibian species are either near extinction or endangered.
Of the approximately 20,000 plant species in the US, 200 species have become extinct since dependable records have been kept and 730 species are endangered or threatened.

17. I. Extinction Rates (cont.)
Mass extinction is an event in which a large percentage of all living species become extinct in a relatively short period of time

18. Most Recent Extinctions

19. II. Factors that Threaten Biodiversity
The current high rate of extinction is due to the activities of a single species — Homo sapiens.
Humans are changing conditions on Earth faster than new traits can evolve to cope with the new conditions.
Depleting the natural resources organisms needs to survive

20. II. Factors that affect biodiversity
A. overexploitation
B. Habitat Loss
C. Fragmentation of Habitat
D. Pollution
E. Introduced Species

21. A. Overexploitation
Overexploitation: excessive use, of species that have economic value is a factor increasing the current rate of extinction
Ex.
Bison
Passenger Pigeons
Rhinoceros
Rhinoceros

22. B. Habitat Loss
If a habitat is destroyed or disrupted, the native species might have to relocate or they will die
1. Destruction of Habitat: Clearing or destruction of an entire habitat
2. Disruption of Habitat: The declining a population of one species can affect an entire ecosystem ex. overfishing

23. C. Fragmentation of habitat
Habitat Fragmentation: the separation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land
The smaller the parcel of land, the fewer species it can support.
Fragmentation reduces the opportunities for individuals in one area to reproduce with individuals from another area.

24. C. Fragmentation of habitat
Carving the large ecosystem into small parcels increases the number of edges—creating edge effects.

25. D. Pollution
Pollution and atmospheric changes threaten biodiversity and global stability.
1. Biological magnification: the increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels increase in a food chain or food web.

26. 1. Biomagnification (cont.)
DDT - found in pesticides
PCBs - used insulates electrical equipment
Mercury -used in meteorological equipment

27. 2. Acid Precipitation
Sulfur and nitrogen compounds react with water and other substances in the air to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid
Acid precipitation removes calcium, potassium, and other nutrients from the soil, depriving plants of these nutrients.

28. 3. Eutrophication https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6LAT1gLMPu4
Occurs when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, or other nitrogen/phosphorous rich compounds flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth
Algae use the oxygen supply during their rapid growth, thus causing organisms in the water to suffocate
Algae can also release toxins
Human activities have accelerated the rate

29. THINK – Pair – Share
Your friend tells you that a good way to increase biodiversity is by intentionally introducing a species to a new environment because the introduced species increases the species richness of that area by one species.
Do you agree or disagree with your friend’s statement?

30. E. Introduced Species Introduced Species:
Nonnative species that are either intentionally or unintentionally transported to a new habitat. Usually becomes an “invasive species”.
Example: Cane Toads in Australia!!

31. 5.2 Sample Test Questions

32. 5.2 Sample Test Questions

33. 5.3 Conservation Biology pgs. 129-135
I. Natural Resources
The consumption rate of natural resources is not evenly distributed.
Which County uses the most natural resources? The least?

34. Thinking Questions…
1. How can we reduce the amount of natural resources we use?
2. What the difference between a renewable and nonrenewable resource?
3. List 2 renewable resources and 2 nonrenewable resources.

35. Renewable Resources vs. Nonrenewable Resources
Geothermal energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Hydropower
Biomass
Fossil fuels
Crude Oil
Nuclear fuels (uranium)
Propane

36. Sustainable Use Sustainable Use:
The using of resources at a rate in which they can be replaced or recycled while preserving the long-term environmental health of the biosphere

37. II. Protecting Biodiversity
Yellowstone National Park was the first national park!
Currently, about 7% of the world’s land is set aside as some type of reserve.

38. A. Biodiversity Hot Spots
Endemic Species:
Species that are only found in that one geographical area
Biodiversity Hot Spot:
1. At least 1500 species of vascular plants are endemic.
2. The region must have lost at least 70 percent of its original habitat.
These hot spots originally covered 15.7 percent of Earth’s surface, however, only about 1/10 that habitat remains.

39. Biodiversity Hot Spots

40. B. Corridors Between Habitat Fragments
Improve the survival of biodiversity by providing corridors, or passageways, between habitat fragments

41. III. Restoring Ecosystem
The larger the affected area, the longer it takes for the biological community to recover.

42. III. Restoring Ecosystem
A. Bioremediation:
The use of living organisms, such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify a polluted area

43. III. Restoring Ecosystem
B. Biological Augmentation:
Adding natural predators to a degraded ecosystem
Ladybugs help control aphid populations.
Photo courtesy of Nature’s Control

44. 5.3 Summative Questions 1. Which resource is nonrenewable?
agricultural plants
clean water
forest timber
mineral deposits
2. For which human activity is sustainable
use not possible?
farming
logging
oil drilling
commercial fishing
3. Which is an example of bioremediation?
replanting trees in an area affected by acid rain
using microorganisms to detoxify an oil spill
enacting a law that protects endangered amphibians
introducing natural predators to control a crop Pest