1. Independence Movements
India! Middle East! Africa! Latin America!

2. Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-49

3. Africa and Asia in 1900

4. Indian Independence, 1905-1947 The Land and the People
Classes and Languages – growth created pressures, less land
Peasants (majority) – over taxed, Maharajahs (ruling princes) – protected
English = common language of western educated
Religion – Hindu center with Muslim sides

5. Indian Independence, 1905-1947 British Rule and Indian Nationalism
Viceroy & Indian Civil Service
Indian National Congress – founded in 1885
1905 – British divide Bengal Province in two, putting Hindu at disadvantage in east
1906 – All-India Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah
1911 – Brits moved capital – Calcutta to Delhi (Mughal capital) = wake-up call
Indian Steel Industry – symbolic hope for independence
WWI left promises of self-rule, upon return, outbreaks of violence
1919 – Rowlatt Act = denial of habeas corpus, no public protests allowed
1919 – Amritsar Massacre – Brits open fire on peaceful protestors killing 1,200

6. The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947
Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence
Mahatma = Great Soul, western educated lawyer, cut his teeth in South Africa
Ahimsa (nonviolence) + Satyagraha (search for the truth) = nonviolent civil disobedience
Wore homespun, brought independence ideas to the peasant (majority)
Salt March to protest British tax on salt
When jailed = protested via fasting. Every arrest made him more popular.

7. The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947
India moves toward independence
Jawaharlal Nehru – Indian National Congress, working toward creating industrial India
Viceroy of India declares war (WWII) without consulting Indians
WWII a dividing time amongst Indians, who to support, who to protest

8. The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947
Partition and Independence (post WWII)
Muhammad Ali Jinnah – demands separate state of Pakistan (E&W) for Muslims
1947 – two states established, mass relocation causes riots and deaths
Kashmir – Hindu maharajah, Muslim people – still a hotspot today

9. Partition

11. Middle East: Turkey Treaty of Sèvres Allies had plans
Ottoman Empire gave up much of its territory
Allies had plans
distribute land to Greece & other countries
Turks fought these plans
land given up by Ottoman Empire included homeland of ethnic Turks

12. Middle East: Turkey Kemal Mustafa (aka: Kemal Atatürk) October 1923
WWI hero, who led Turks against Allied plans
October 1923
Turks had already defeated Greeks
announced establishment of Turkey
Greeks sent to claim their territory

13. Middle East: Turkey Kemal Mustafa changed to Kemal Atatürk
Atatürk means “Father of the Turks”
government in Turkey was TOTALLY SECULAR
government had nothing to do with & was not influenced by religion

14. Middle East: Persia/Iran
1921  Reza Khan led overthrow of shah
1925  Khan became shah himself
1935  Persia becomes Iran

15. Middle East: French Mandate(s)
Syria & Lebanon
1916  Husayn bin Ali led Arab nationalists against Ottoman control
wanted an independent Arab nation

16. Middle East: British Mandate(s)
Palestine & Iraq
Palestine
Jewish national movement = Zionism
wanted a Jewish homeland
1921  Transjordan cut out of Palestine
supported by 1917 Balfour Declaration

17. Middle East: British Mandate(s)
Palestine & Iraq
Iraq
Husayn bin Ali’s son, Faisal = King of Iraq

18. The British had occupied Egypt in 1882.
Egypt vs. Britain
The British had occupied Egypt in 1882.
Egyptians’ dissent began in the early 1900’s, vying to expose the British monopolies within the bureaucracy.
British arrogance and superiority was seen in events like the Dinshawai Incident and the killing of pigeons in rural areas.

19. Egypt vs. Britain After WWI, the Ottoman Empire disappeared.
By 1923, an independent Turkish republic had been established.
French and British forces occupied much of the Middle East, even after promises for Arab independence.
Syria, Iraq and Lebanon were carved out in the League of Nations.
Movements for Jewish occupation in Palestine were seen after WWI, but Turks were promised independence after the war.

20. Egypt vs. Britain
During the war, the British defended the Suez Canal and used critical resources from Egypt in the war.
After protests, British withdrawal began in 1922 and didn’t end until British withdrawal of the Suez Canal in 1936.
Even though Egypt had independence, Egyptian politicians were concerned more with power and wealth, than with helping the poor.

21. Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45 Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45
Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes
African Farmers – few profit from high price cocoa & palm oil
African Health – modern technology brought, migrant workers spread disease

22. Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45 Religious and Political changes
Christianity & Islam schools – Christian (West & South), Islam (East & South)
Islam fit more with traditional African polygamy
Senegal – Blaise Diagne elected to French National Assembly – advocate for African rights
African National Congress – founded by western educated Africans to defend interests
Africa in WWII – Haile Selassie (Ethiopia) takes on Italians,
Like India, Africans return from WWII changed, looking for independence

23. Argentina and Brazil,
President Obregon succeeded by Calles who founded National Revolutionary Party (PNR)
PNR – collection point for working out ideas of revolution
President Cardenas – redistributed land, removed generals from government positions, nationalized oil industry
Art flourishes – murals and painting: Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and Frida Kahlo

24. Argentina and Brazil, 1900-49 Transformation of Argentina
Most of Argentina pampas = flat fertile land
Oligarquia – ruled by small group of wealthy land owners that lived in Buenos Aires
British allowed to run domestic industries, US & Britain supply manufactured goods

25. Argentina and Brazil, 1900-49 Brazil & Argentina to 1929
Before WWI = coffee, cacao, and rubber
Rio de Janeiro the city of choice
Collapse of rubber (lost to SE Asia) and WWI, middle class elect Hipolito Irigoyen
US replaces Europeans as supplier of manufactured goods
Post WWI – Trade with Europe resumes, middle class push for reforms, take over industry
South America still lags behind US & European technologically

26. Argentina and Brazil,
The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil
Argentina & Brazil go towards authoritarian regimes to solve economic problems
Getulio Vargas (a bad loser) – coup, puts Brazil on industrial path
The environment – Favelas (slums) occupy hillsides
Vargas’s legacy – when failing to win reelection, another coup = Caudillo

27. Argentina and Brazil, 1900-49 Argentina after 1930
Gen Uriburu overthrows Irigoyen (1930), Col Peron overthrows Uriburu (1943)
Eva Peron champions the descamisados (“shirtless ones” – urban workers)
Spends heavily on social programs, when wife dies (1952), loses election.