1. World Aggression Notes
Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler

2. Stalin’s Government Notes
Communist
Leader of the
Soviet Union

3. Stalin’s Rise to Power 1922- Lenin dies
Stalin uses bribery and terror to advance to the top
1928- Stalin takes complete control of the Communist government
1929- Stalin sends his biggest rival, Leon Trotsky, into exile

4. Stalin’s Goals Eliminate all opposition to his leadership
To make the USSR/Soviet Union a leading world power
Command total control over all aspects of life
“Under the Leadership of the Great Stalin- Forward to Communism!”

5. Remove all opposition The Great Purge of 1938
Police arrested farmers who opposed Stalin’s “collective” farming plan (growing food for the country, not for sale.)
Citizens who were thought to be a threat were arrested
8-13 million Russians were killed or sent to labor camps as punishment for their crimes

6. Censor all media
News outlets (radio, newspapers) glorified Stalin and his regime
Regime- a government who has power
Most Russians were unaware of Stalin’s murderous ways
If you were caught talking about arrests or murders by police you could be turned in as a spy
Radio and news reported only on progress

7. Control the subject of art
Art= music, paintings, theatre, sculpture, etc.
Stalin’s view on the arts: “….must show the masses positive models of initiative and heroic labor.”

8. Control public schools
Taught virtues of communism, sacrifice, and hard work
Instead of pledging allegiance to their country, schoolchildren had to say “Thank Comrade Stalin for this happy life.”

9. Outlaw religion Stalin was to be worshipped as “God”
Police destroyed churches and burned books
Russian Orthodox Church was outlawed
Real religion took workers away from their jobs, therefore it was not allowed

10. Why didn’t the people revolt against Stalin?
Stalin improved the Russian economy and brought wealth and power to the country
No unemployment!
No welfare!
Free day care!
Russians were willing to to sacrifice freedom in
order to become
competitive like the U.S.

11. Stalin’s Economic Plan (The 5- year Plan)
Command economy- a system where the government makes all economic decisions
Stalin’s plan:
Set unreachable goals for production in steel, oil, coal
Consumer goods were limited so all efforts could be focused on the most profitable industries for the state
Consumer goods= food, clothing, books, etc.
Result= lots and lots of $$$$$!!!

12. Collective farming- all farms grew food for the state
Farmers who previously owned their own land had to give the land to the state.
Anyone who resisted this policy would be “removed”
It is estimated that between , Stalin killed 5-10 million farmers who protested this policy

13. Stalin’s Regime Pro (positive) Con (negative) Better educated
Increased demand for skilled and educated workers
Women’s roles expanded
Child care was provided by the state for free
Health care was free
Personal freedoms were limited
Consumer goods were in short supply
Opposition to government could end in death
Estimated 20 million Russians were killed or sent to labor camps

14. STOP – Mini Summary
What kind of a person was Stalin? What were some reasons why Russians like him? AND some reasons why Russians would hate him?

15. Fascist leader of Italy
Benito Mussolini
Fascist leader of Italy

16. Pre-Mussolini: Italy after WWI
Economy struggled
Nation was seen as less prosperous than other European nations
Led by a monarch, Victor Emmanuel III

17. Fascist Italy Benito Mussolini (IL Duce)
Is an author/reporter
Becomes the leader of the Black Shirts
Forces King to put him in charge of government
Gets rid of King makes himself supreme leader
Born into socialist and anti-church family beliefs
Became a socialist journalist who started his own newspaper
Advocated Fascism

18. Mussolini addresses the crowd

19. U-turn for Italy Under Mussolini: Reshaped the economy
Slashed government expenses for public services
Cut taxes on industry
Transformed the lazy pace of Italian industry

20. Absolute Power In 1924, Mussolini called for new elections
Giacomo Matteotti opposed the Fascist party and was murdered
Anti-Fascist attacks appeared in the press
Mussolini outlawed all other parties, abolished trade unions, and censored the Press

21. Il Duce Mussolini became known as the IL Duce or the leader
Propaganda encouraged Italians to accept Mussolini’s policies as always being right
Mussolini founded Fascism

22. Mussolini’s Execution
Italian officers shot Mussolini as he tried to escape to Switzerland in 1945
His corpse was transported to Milan, along with 15 others
Their corpses were hung by meat hooks in the town square

23. STOP – Mini Summary
What were some of the ways Mussolini came to power, then kept power once there?

24. Totalitarian leader of Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler
Totalitarian leader of
Nazi Germany

25. Switch to other ppt for Hitler

26. Post WWI Germany
After Wilhelm II abdicated, Germany became the Weimar Republic
German’s were angry and humiliated from the Treaty of Versailles
German economy suffered a huge depression after WWI
German $ was worthless
1918- a loaf of bread cost 1 mark
1923- a loaf of bread cost 200 billion marks

27. Hitler’s background Born in Austria
Wanted to be a painter but was denied entrance into an art school twice
Moved to Munich, Germany in 1913
Served in the German army during WWI
Throughout his early life he developed his anti-Semitic, anti-capitalist, nationalist feelings

28. Hitler’s Rise to Power
The failure of the Weimar Republic made conditions perfect for a man like Hitler
1919- joined the German Workers Party
1921- became Fuhrer of National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi)
1924- he was sent to prison for speaking out against the government
While in prison he wrote his memoirs known as Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Mein Kampf is the basis of Nazi ideology

29. Hitler seizes control in 1933
He vowed to fix the German economy
Industrial production expanded ($$$$!!!)
Unemployment decreased
Built dams, autobahns, and railroads
Hosted the Olympics in Berlin in 1936
Rearmed Germany which increased nationalistic feelings

31. The Nazi Regime Used secret police to invoke fear
Created the ‘Hitler Youth’ to indoctrinate young Germans with Nazi ideology
Created an enormous military

32. Hitler’s Holocaust
Hitler blamed all the Jewish people for the problems in Germany
From , he systematically killed million people
6 million Jews
3 million Poles
The rest were people who opposed his leadership
He used concentration camps, gas chambers, etc

34. Summary
Explain Hitler’s legacy (include both the good and the bad).

35. Japan Japan was not seriously damaged by WWI
Worldwide depression hurt Japanese export businesses
Military leaders rose to power because the citizens were dissatisfied and resented the second-rate status as a world power
Japanese were the first to begin aggressive expansion into Manchuria in 1931
1932 the military took control of Japan

36. Totalitarianism
A form of government in which the state controls all aspects of public and private life.
Characteristics of a totalitarian government
Use of propaganda and terror
The rejection of existing society as corrupt, immoral, and beyond reform
Demands total obedience
Makes use of mass political participation
Often led by a charismatic cult-type leader
Dominated by a single political party
Organizations: youth, culture, sports
Party is present at every level of politics.

37. Totalitarianism Communism Fascism Leftwing Extremism Working class
Wants to end class distinctions
Typically poor, uneducated population
Collective ownership of property
Secret Police to eliminate dissent
Forbids religious practice
Rightwing extremism
Middle class
Wants to maintain things “as is”
Usually an advanced society
People are less important than state interests, people serve the government
Private para-military to prevent dissent
Private business with government supervision

38. Fascism vs. Communism Similar Difference Police used fear
Government controlled the media
Needs of the state should come before needs of the individual
One supreme leader
State makes all economic decisions
Used nationalism and militarism to control society
Communism does not allow for private ownership of land or business
Fascism allows for private ownership of land and business

39. Summary – 5 sentences
How did the ending of World War I and the rise of totalitarianism lead to World War II?