1. Agenda – March 3 Population Notes Ch 23 Section 1 and 2
Hardy Weinberg Practice Worksheets
HW: Finish Lab 8 and 9
Field Trip Forms and Money Due March 11th

2. Review
1. These terms are not the same, they are not interchangeable. What is your definition? Natural selection? Adaptation?

3. Natural Selection
Natural selection is the PROCESS that results in evolution.
It "screens" traits that are available. It doesn’t create new traits.
It favors those characteristics that fit the specific current environment.
Adaptation is the change or the trait that occurs over time so an organism fits better with its environment.

4. Population Genetics and Speciation
Population Genetics and Speciation * Natural Selection works on individuals but is only apparent in a population as it changes over time*
Ch 23
Sec 1 and 2

5. Microevolution: Change in allele frequency of pop/gen
Natural Selection (Consistent matches env/org)
Genetic Drift (Chance)
Gene Flow (Between populations)
Gene Pool: all alleles for all loci in a population

6. The factors create genetic variation - makes evolution possible.
Recombination and RNA Splicing: Genes are shuffled
Random pairing of gametes: Which sperm will be the winner?
Mutations
Environmental effects
Crossing Over/Ind Assortment: Meiosis
Cause phenotypic differences.

7. Characters that vary can be:
Discrete: purple, white flowers (one gene) *** Quantitative: continuum, (multi genes)

8. Mutations Ultimate source of new alleles
Somatic/Body cell – not inherited
Gamete/Germ cell – inherited change
Point and frameshift
1 in 100,000 genes per generation (plant and animal)
Less for prokaryotes
^reproduction ^rate
HIV, 2 Days, No Repair Mechanisms

9. Hardy Weinberg
Used to assess if natural selection causing evolution or other factors (If it is not evolving, HW applies)

11. PKU (Recessive Metabolic Disorder)
Affects 1 out of 10,000 babies in USA
Assume:
No new PKU mutations introduced (Condition 1)
No preferential mating bcuz of disorder (Condition 2)
No differential survival and reproductive success among PKU genotypes (Condition 3)
Large population, no genetic drift or gene flow (Conditions 4 and 5)
Reasonable assumptions for this disorder

12. Practice Question Recessive = q2 = 1 in 10,000 = .0001
Therefore, q = .01
Frequency of dominant allele = p = 1- q = .99
We have to calculate number of heterozygotes.
2pq = or approximately 2% of USA population

13. Independent Practice Worksheet
Homework: Lab 8 and 9 Due Tmrw
Independent Practice Worksheet

15. March 4, 2016 Agenda: Turn in Lab Journal Finish Chapter 23 Notes
Teddy Graham Activity
HW: Practice Ques. Wrksht and Video Notes

16. Hardy Weinberg Answers
q=.6 p=.4 2pq=.48
Frequency of homozygous dominant 16%
3. 2pq = .48 q=.6 p= .4
48% 36% 16%
4. Homo Recessive 81%, Homo Dominant 1%, Hetero 18%
Frequency of Dom 10%, Frequency of Recessive 90%
5. Dominant phenotype 91%, recessive phenotype 9%,
Heterozygous 42% (This group is part of the dominant group)

18. Recall from Yesterday…
Three processes can change allele frequency.
What are they?!

19. Genetic Drift
Chance events can cause ∆ allele freq., Unpredictable, Esp. in small popu.
Fertile soil? Nutrients available? Sunlight? Wild moose?

20. Certain chance events have sig. impact
Bottleneck Effect - Reduction
(Disease, Disaster)
Founder Effect – Increase (Colonization)

21. Greater Prairie Chicken 19th- 20th Centuries
Human Impact: Illinois Prairies to Farms
Dec. popu., genetic variation
< 50 ckns between 2 popu.
< 50% Eggs hatching (^ harmful alleles)
Translocation, add new alleles

22. Gene Flow In/Out Population (Travel) Blending of popu.
Introduce new alleles
Higher rate than mutations
Alter allele freq. ^ v
Blending of popu.
Combine single popu.
Common gene pool
Ex: Insecticide-Resistant mosquitoes worldwide

23. Natural Selection can alter heritable traits in 3 ways…
Favors one extreme (Large body size of bears, conserving body heat, survive winter)
Favors both extreme phenotypes (Sm beaks soft food and Lrg beaks for hard food)
Favors Intermediate (Birth Weight lbs) Reduces variation

24. Then why aren’t all living things perfect?
NOT GOAL ORIENTED.
Acts on existing variations, may not be ideal, can’t demand needs
Limited historical constraints, ancestral anatomy
Adaptations often compromises (Opposable thumbs)
Nat. Sel. Interacts with Env. And Chance (Unpredictable, Limiting)

25. Teddy Bear Activity
Groups of 3
DO NOT EAT OR INJURE THE BEARS