1. Skeleton!
11/10/12

2. Bones have 5 functions Protect internal organs Support the body
Make blood cells
Store minerals
Provide for muscle attachment allowing movement

3. Moveable joint—allows total movement
What are some examples that you can think of?
Ball-and-socket; hinge; gliding
Immovable joint—allows partial movement
What are some examples you can think of?
Bones of the skull and the pelvis
What do you think the difference is between a movable joint and an immovable joint?

4. Superior verses Inferior
The apple is superior to the hotdog (above) while the hotdog is inferior to the apple (below)
Superior—up; point or region lying above another point or region
Inferior—down; point or region lying below another point or region
Superior verses Inferior

5. Medial—point or region lying closest to the midline of the body
Lateral—point or region lying away from the midline of the body
In this example would the tie or the briefcase be medial? Which one is lateral?
Medial verses Lateral

6. Ventral—front; point or region lying closest to the front of the body
Dorsal—back; point or region lying closest to the back of the body
Podium verses white board? Which is ventral and which is dorsal?
Ventral verses Dorsal

7. Proximal verses Distal
Proximal—point closest to an articular point with body
Distal—point farthest from an articular point with body
If 1 is the part connected to the ground, then 1 is proximal to the ground and 6 is distal
This is easier to explain on a skeleton
Proximal verses Distal

8. One of the most important terms to know— refers to the meeting or intersection of two or more bones
Standard Anatomical Position is the position of that body that we use to describe the body
Human standing, feet together and pointing forward, palms out, thumbs facing away from the body, looking forward (no bones crossed)
Articulation and SAP

9. Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton
Axial Skeleton—refers to the bones of the trunk (vertebrae, ribs, sternum
Appendicular Skeleton—refers to bones of the limbs (shoulder and pelvis)
Axial Skeleton vs. Appendicular Skeleton

10. 28 bones of the skull Frontal Ethmoid Parietals (2) Lacrimals (2)
Temporals (2)
Inferior Nasal Conchae (2)
Occipital
Palatines (2)
Maxillae (2)
Vomer
Zygomatics (2)
Incus (2)
Nasals (2)
Malleus (2)
Sphenoid
Stapes (2)
Mandible
Only need to know the bones on the left side but the others exist
28 bones of the skull

11. The Skull vs Cranium Cranium Skull
Mention post-cranium = everything but the skull
Skull and cranium are different: skull consists of everything but the mandible; cranium= skull + mandible
Skull
Cranium
The Skull vs Cranium

14. Teeth 32 permanent teeth 20 deciduous teeth (baby) Tooth anatomy
Crown (enamel)
Root (cementum)
Enamel is the hardest bone in the body
Teeth

15. Types: incisors, canine, premolar, molar
in adults
2.1.2 in children

16. Dental formula = /
some humans have actually lost their 3rd molar

17. Eat breakfast at 7; lunch at 12; dinner at 5
Sacral (4-6 fused to make sacrum
Coccygeal (3-5, fused to make coccyx)

18. Cervical Vertebrae 7 cervical vertebrae Make up the neck
Transverse foramina (hole for arties that supply blood to the brain)
Cervical Vertebrae

19. Atlas C1 (1st cervical vertebra) Has no body
Articulates with axis (C2)
Allows you to nod yes
Atlas

20. Axis C2 (second cervical vertebra)
Has prominense called dens that allows head to rotate (no)
Axis

21. Thoracic Vertebrae 12 vertebrae Have costal facets
No transverse formaina
Facets for rib attachments

22. Lumbar Vertebrae 5 vertebrae
Largest because they carry the most weight (support the most amount of weight)
No costal facets or transverse foramina
Lumbar Vertebrae

23. Sacral/Coccygeal Vertebrae
Usually 5 sacral, sometimes 4 or 6
These vertebrae fuse in adulthood to make the sacrum
Sacrum is very strong and stable
Flared wings on the side (alae) provide surface for auricular surface that articulates with the illium
3-5 vertebrae fuse to make the coccyx
Sacral/Coccygeal Vertebrae

24. Ox Coxa/Innominate (pelvis)
Os coxa = 2 large bones of pelvis, join together to make pelvic girdle
3 bones fuse together in adulthood at acetabulum
Illium—upper portion
Ischium—posterior bone
Pubis—anterior portion
Ox Coxa/Innominate (pelvis)

26. Composed of 3 segments:
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Sternum

27. Ribs 12 ribs Ribs 1-7 are true ribs Ribs 8-10 are false ribs
Head and tubercle articulate with thoracic vertebrae
Ribs 1-7 are true ribs
Ribs 8-10 are false ribs
Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs
True ribs—articulate with sternum
False ribs—don’t articulate with sternum but only to cartilage
Floating ribs—no connection at all to the sternum
Ribs

28. Clavicle Medial end is rounded for articulation with sternum
Lateral end is flattened for articulation with the scapula
Part of the shoulder girdle
Clavicle

29. Scapula Triangular, flat bone
On upper back
2 projections for muscle attachments for arms and upper back
Has a glenoid fossa—articulates with head of the humerus
Scapula

30. Humerus Largest arm bone
Rounded head articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula
Distal end articulates with radius and ulna
Humerus

31. Radius and Ulna Radius Ulna Lateral bone of forearm
Medial bone of forearm
Articulates proximally with radius and laterally with radius
Radius and Ulna

32. Wrist and Hand Consists of: Carpals—8 wrist bones
Metacarpals—make up body of living hand between wrist and projection of the fingers
Numbered 1-5
Phalanges—bones of the fingers
Proximal middle and distal
Thumb has only proximal and distal
Wrist and Hand

34. Largest leg bone
Rounded head at proximal end articulates with acetabulum of ox coxa
Distal end articulates with the tibia
Femur

35. Also known as the sesamoid bone
Knee caps!
Patella

36. Tibia and Fibula Tibia Fibula
Articulates with femur proximally and fibula laterally
Medial malleolus of the distal tibia forms medial projection of ankle (inside ankle bone)
Fibula
Articulates with tibia laterally
Lateral malleolus of the distal fibula forms the lateral projection of the ankle (outside ankle bone)
Tibia and Fibula

37. Ankle and Foot Tarsals—7 bones that make up the ankle
Metatarsals—make up body of foot
Numbered 1-5
Phalanges
Analogous to phalanges of the hand
Ankle and Foot

38. Super awesome video of education:
D4dKp14