1. Factors influencing quality of father involvement in family relationships among U.S. immigrants
Yasemin Cava-Tadik & Geoffrey L. Brown Department of Human Development and Family Science University of Georgia

2. Background Information
Limited knowledge about fathers’ involvement in immigrant families
Fatherhood differs according to socio-cultural background, present social conditions and a father’s childhood experiences with his own father (Lamb, ).
Although, previous studies mostly focus on fathers’ involvement in mainstream society, there is limited knowledge about fathers’ involvement in immigrant families,

3. Theoretical Perspective
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System  Theory
This theory allows us to recognize the quality of father involvement depending on immigrants’ interactions with their environments across lifespans.

4. Research Aims
Identify systematic factors influencing the quality of paternal involvement and family relationships.
Combine general issues among immigrant families to pursue a more comprehensive picture.

5. Conceptual Model

6. Literature Review Individual factors: father involvement
Age
Educational status
Number of children
Gender role ideology
Socio economic status (SES)
Acculturation
younger fathers tend to be more involved than older fathers
fathers with higher education show more involvement
Traditional VS. Egalitarian.
because the acculturation process helps immigrant fathers to engage in various types of fathering
Sources: Juhari et al., 2013; Lamb, 2000

7. Conceptual Model

8. STRESSORS Financial strain Being undocumented
Lack of social/emotional support
Language barrier/ cultural differences
Work-family conflict/long work hours/job status
Acculturation stress
Economic hardship is link to poor mental health outcomes, such as depression 
When immigrants leave their country, they also lave their relatives and friends
These stressors Negatively affect family relationships and cause risk behaviors especially for children
In this process immigrants face the assimilation problems because of different culture and lifestyle. while they try to r socialize
Sources: Capps, Bronte-Tinkew et al., 2006; Crowley, Lichter, & Qian, 2006

9. Conceptual Model

10. Father involvement and family relationships
Good marital relationship increases parental engagement that directly or indirectly impact marital quality
Common sociodemographic characteristics, traits, and values
Different cultural values
Working hours
Gender role ideology
it increases couples’ relationship harmony
causes a family conflict, marital instability, and intergenerational dissonance
3. predict the relation between father involvement and marital satisfaction   
For Example, Mothers' increased working have a more positive effect on the fathers’ role, and couples' marital satisfaction
Sources: Lee & Doherty, 2007 ; Hojat et al., 2000; Liu et al., 2014

11. Parent-child relationship
Economic difficulties & difficulties with cultural adjustment
Protecting original culture and values
Parental support and advice to adapt to a new cultural environment
Regular cultural family activities
Are main impact factor for parent-child relationships and responsibility
is crucial for some immigrant parents.
specifically, fathers have an important leadership impact on households and parenting styles in traditional families when they are adjusting to a new environment.
such as eating meals together and attending joint activities on the weekends
Sources: Hofferth, 2003; Qin, 2009; Mehrotra and Calasanti, 2010

12. Conceptual Model
We believe that some implications will be so helpful to decrease stressors and increase the father involvement and positive family relationships.

13. Discussion Counseling
Multicultural counseling and counselors` training about father involvement
Policy Changes
Policies that support immigrant fathers’ participation in the family and educational contexts (parental leave, intentional school programs, Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) fathers group, leadership opportunities)
Father involvement education to improve family relationships, child development and health
How fathers can manage the stress to  improve their effectiveness.
How family relationship changes with father involvement.
What is the father's role in child development and how fathers can use this information.
2. We suggest some policy changes to support
3. We thought that if the immigrant fathers were informed about

14. References
Capps, R. C., Bronte-Tinkew, J., & Horowitz, A. (2010). Acculturation and father engagement with infants among Chinese- and Mexican- origin immigrant fathers. Fathering: A Journal Of Theory, Research, And Practice About Men As Fathers, 8(1), doi: /fth
Crowley, M., Lichter, D. T., & Qian, Z. (2006). Beyond gateway cities: Economic restructuring and poverty among Mexican immigrant families and children. Family Relations, 55(3),
Hofferth, S. L. (2003). Race/ethnic differences in father involvement in two-parent families culture, context, or economy?. Journal of Family Issues, 24(2),
Hojat, M., Shapurian, R., Foroughi, D., Nayerahmadi, H., Farzaneh, M., Shafieyan, M., & Parsi, M. (2000). Gender differences in traditional attitudes toward marriage and the family an empirical sdudy of Iranian immigrants in the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 21(4),
Juhari, R., Yaacob, S. N., & Talib, M. A. (2013). Father involvement among Malay muslims in Malaysia. Journal of Family Issues, 34(2),
Lamb, M. E. (2000). The history of research on father involvement: An overview. Marriage & Family Review, 29(2-3),
Lee, C. Y. S., & Doherty, W. J. (2007). Marital satisfaction and father involvement during the transition to parenthood. Fathering, 5(2), 75.
Liu, J., Coplan, R. J., Chen, X., Li, D., Ding, X., & Zhou, Y. (2014). Unsociability and shyness in Chinese children: Concurrent and predictive relations with indices of adjustment. Social Development, 23(1),
Mehrotra, M., & Calasanti, T. M. (2010). The family as a site for gendered ethnic identity work among Asian Indian immigrants. Journal of Family Issues, 31(6),
Qin, D. (2009). Gendered processes of adaptation: Understanding parent–child relations in Chinese immigrant families. Sex Roles, 60(7/8), doi: /s