1. Anatomy and Physiology of Pregnancy
Lectures 1
N. Petrenko, MD, PhD

2. The Start of It All

3. Or….for those women who get tired of waiting for the “right man”
In vitro fertilization, etc.

4. Probable signs of pregnancy (observed by examiner):

5. Probable signs of pregnancy (observed by examiner):

6. Positive signs of pregnancy (noted by examiner, confirm pregnancy)

7. Reproductive system & Breast

8. Integumentary System

9. Musculoskeletal System

10. Uterine Sizing

11. Uterine Sizing

12. Accuracy of Dating by Ultrasound
Gestational Age weeks)
Ultrasound Measurements
Range of Accuracy
< 8
Sac size
+ 10 days
8-12
CRL
+ 7 days
12-15
CRL, BPD
+ 14 days
15-20
BPD, HC, FL, AC
20-28
+ 2 weeks
> 28
+ 3 weeks

13. Bones and Joints of the Pelvis

14. The Diagonal Conjugate

15. The Ischial Spines

16. The Pelvic Outlet

17. Leopold's Maneuvers - are used to determine the orientation of the fetus through abdominal palpation. .

18. 2. The sides of the uterus are palpated to determine the position of the fetal back and small parts.

19. 3. The presenting part (head or butt) is palpated above the symphysis and degree of engagement determined

20. 4. The fetal occipital prominence is determined.

21. Measuring Fundal Height

22. Auscultating Fetal Heart Tones

23. Ptyalism

24. Fatigue

25. Low Backache

26. Urinary Frequency

27. Heartburn

28. Hemorrhoids

29. Leg Cramps

30. Dependent Edema

31. Insomnia

32. Round Ligament Pain

33. Hyperventilation and Shortness of Breath

34. Supine Hypotensive Syndrome