1. Ethnobotany and Conservation
Rattan harvest Southeast Asia

2. Belize Ecoregions

3. Belize Reserves

4. Belize Ethnobotany
1988, the Belize Ethnobotany Project was initiated to inventory, understand and conserve as much ethnobotanical data as possible in a country that is undergoing rapid change largely due to a loss of natural habitat and erosion of existing cultures as the nation becomes more westernized
Over 2000 plant samples have been sent to the US for testing by the National Cancer Institute’s Developmental Therapeutics Program as it tests for anti-cancer and anti-HIV drugs

5. Belize Ethnobotany
1992 the Belize Association of Traditional Healers was formed and Rosita Arvigo was elected its president - this group has been active in getting land preserved because, as they say, “we can’t do our work without our plants”
2400 hectare “ethno-biomedical” forest reserve was set aside in June 1993 to preserve medicinal plants - it was intended to set aside an area where medicinal plants would flourish and allow young apprentices to learn how to identify and collect medicinal plants

6. Rosita Arvigo with Mayan healer, the late Don Elijo Panti - Belize

7. Rosita Arvigo with herbalist Leopoldo Romero on left and Michael Balick in center - Belize

9. Map of Western Samoa and Savaii Island

10. Falealupo Covenant
Funds donated from Forever Living Products from Phoenix, Arizona, and Murdock International in Springville, Utah and a firm that dealt in antique botanical prints – James McCewan and Associates of London
Donors renounced any rights to or interest in the rainforest and land and pledged to build the school in exchange for the village promising to protect the rainforest for 50 years
Covenant allows ethnobotanists to investigate medicinal plants in the forest but mandates that 33 percent of any income from any commercial discoveries be returned to the village

11. Falealupo Rain Forest Preserve – Savaii Island

12. Homolanthus nutans – source of anti-HIV drug prostratin

13. Prostratin
Prostratin, a protein kinase C activator, was isolated from the stems of the small Samoan tree Homalanthus nutans.
H. nutans plays an important role in Samoan ethnopharmacology: the leaves are used to treat back pain, the root is used to treat diarrhea and the stem wood is used to treat yellow fever

14. Ake Lilo prepares H. nutans bark for use in traditional medicine for hepatitis - Samoa

15. Map of Western Samoa and Savaii Island

16. Tafua Rainforest Preserve
A new foundation, Seacology, was formed to help preserve Pacific island rain forests and culture.
Obtained funding from Swedish Nature Foundation and World Wildlife Fund that established Tafua Rain Forest Reserve and allowed a school and other village improvements to be built in Tafua.

17. Tafua Rainforest Reserve

18. Tafua Rainforest Reserve

19. Future of Ethnobotanical Conservation
There are two main concerns for ethno-conservation efforts - one is to preserve the land necessary for survival of indigenous people and the plants and animals they use
The other is the preservation of indigenous cultures itself

20. Future of Ethnobotanical Conservation
C. Earle Smith has said that: “Ethnobotany is the sum total of human subsistence knowledge. Without a thorough understanding of the world’s plant resources, the human race would cease to exist.”

21. Ethnobotanical survey – Simlipal Biosphere Reserve Forest, Odisha, India

22. Swidden Agriculture

23. Interactions between industrial and nonindustrial people
Acculturation – changes in the cultural patterns of either or both groups
Westernization – accumulative influence of exposure to Western (Industrialized) culture on indigenous people and their cultures

24. Grandfather and granddaughter - Australia

25. Reasons to Conserve Land and Species
Esthetic – all nature has inherent beauty and must be protected as part of our global heritage
Ethical – no one species has the right to drive another species extinct
Diversity and stability – ecosystems are complex entities, the continued existence of which is dependent up the presence of key species
Scientific value – species must be protected and studied for their value to science
Utilitarian – species must be preserved because of their utility to humanity

26. Esthetic – South African Shrublands

27. Ethical - Biophilia

28. Ethical – use of species
Petroglyphs from Utah – circa 2000 YA

29. Diversity and Stability Brazil nut tree – Bertholletia excelsa

30. A castañero – Brazil Nut collector with pile of nut pods

31. Open Brazil Nut pod showing the many nuts it contains

32. Scientific Value - Welwitschia

33. Utilitarian Zea diploperennis