1. Renewable Fuels in Norfolk
CIVINET UK & Ireland Network
First Annual Sustainable Mobility Convention
21 September 2010
Park Plaza Victoria, London
Bruce Tofield
University of East Anglia
Norwich, UK

2. Civitas SMILE involved partners in Malmo, Norfolk, Italy, Estonia and Romania; the project ran from 2005 to In Norfolk, Norfolk County Council was project manager and partners included Norwich City, the University of East Anglia (UEA) and Anglian Bus
UEA led work on renewable fuels in vehicle fleets, in monitoring the impact of measures associated with the introduction of a Low Emission Zone in Norwich, and in monitoring improved driver performance
UEA created a new supply chain to enable to trialling and evaluation of sustainable biodiesel and biodiesel blends in local bus fleets
UEA created a partnership with commercial partners to make possible the conversion of the first bus in the UK to dual-fuel biomethane-diesel operation, offering low-cost, low-emissions, low-carbon operation

3. Jon Horsley (jon.horsley@scm-consulting.co.uk)
Key associates at UEA
Pete Metcalfe
Derek Bowden
Jon Horsley
Partners included
Anglian Bus
City of Norwich
Norfolk County Council
First Eastern Bus
Argent Energy Ltd
Pace Petroleum Ltd
Lysanda Ltd
Hardstaff Group
Optare plc

4. Because of concerns about biodiesel and the environment
“The draining of wetlands to produce any type of biofuel would produce a loss of stored carbon that would take hundreds of years to make up through the biofuels' annual greenhouse gas savings.”
EU Biofuels Progress Report, January 2007
Indonesia, 2007
by Emily Fitzherbert, UEA Student
we focused on sustainable biodiesel manufactured from used oil and tallow

5. Biodiesel quality can be variable
A sample of biodiesel from our original partner manufacturer: cloud point above room temperature! The company went into administration in 2006 and we were able to create a new supply chain with high quality product sourced from Argent Energy Ltd
We were obliged to set up a biodiesel laboratory to monitor properties of biodiesel samples

6. 20,000 litre storage tanks installed
At Anglian Bus
and Dolphin Taxis
Using clean tanks for biodiesel blend storage avoids one potential source of contamination and filter blockage.

7. New UK supply chain for biodiesel blends B0 to B100 from high quality biodiesel manufactured to EN standards
Argent Energy Ltd of Scotland manufactures biodiesel from used oil and tallow in a modern, dedicated factory

8. Pace Petroleum of King’s Lynn stored, blended and delivered biodiesel and biodiesel blends
Product was tankered from Argent Energy to Pace Fuelcare depot in King’s Lynn where it was stored in a heated tank ready for loading, blending and delivery

9. Scania Euro IV buses have run on B100
(These vehicles are warrantied for B100)
Fuel economy was approx 10% below that of ULSD in line with the reduced energy per litre of B100

10. B20 and B50 trialled on Anglian Bus vehicles

11. NOx emissions data collected on a road circuit
Pete Metcalfe and Derek Bowden, UEA
Simulating city bus traffic

12. NO emissions from ULSD and Biodiesel
Reduced NO from B20
ULSD
B20
NO per km measured with Autologic gas analyser from exhaust of Anglian Bus Optare Solo Euro III Mercedes 4.2 litre engine. Integrated over complete laps of circuit near Anglian depot at Beccles.
B50
ULSD
B20
NO per km measured with Horiba gas analyser fitted to manifold of Anglian Bus Optare Solo Euro III Mercedes 4.2 litre engine. Data taken over stop-start sequence to simulate in-city driving.

13. NO emissions from ULSD and Biodiesel
Increased NO from B100, Scania Euro IV vehicle
Average measured NOx emissions, g km-1, for Scania Euro IV bus
fuelled with ULSD (B0) and B100 (100% used vegetable oil methyl ester)‏
measured with Autologic gas analyser

14. Conclusions from biodiesel trials
Fuel economy seems unaffected up to B20 at least
NO emissions seem to reduce to B20 at least
Argent biodiesel saves over 80% CO2 emissions
Use of Argent B20 blend will save 17% CO2
NO emissions would also be lower
Impact of B20 blend similar to best eco-driving
Creating a new supply chain will add cost

15. Biomethane – the low-carbon option
Successful CNG bus operation in Malmo
Malmo Civitas SMILE project to use biomethane for transport
New CNG/biomethane fuelled buses expensive
UK dual-fuel technology offers a low-cost low-carbon solution
Potential for biomethane as well as CNG
Diesel operation maintained

16. Market Opportunities
OIGI® Dual Fuel technologies can be adapted to any fully electronically controlled fuel injection system, including: -
► Euro 2,3,4 and 5 light and heavy duty vehicles
► Refuse Collection Vehicles (RCV)
► Buses and Coaches
► OIGI® technologies can also be adapted to passenger vehicles

17. The UK’s first dual-fuel bus
The Anglian Bus Optare Solo equipped with Horiba exhaust gas analyser has been converted by Hardstaff to dual-fuel operation and Optare have installed roof-mounted gas cylinders
Key component of Optare low-carbon strategy
Collaboration agreement signed between Optare and Hardstaff

18. The dual-fuel bus
Pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by half
A low-cost, low-emissions, low-carbon solution for 30,000 UK buses
The low-cost solution for urban transport
The practical solution for 2012 Olympic transport

19. Certification now complete Gas operation this week
A pathfinder to enable a transition to low-carbon, low emissions, fleet transport in Norfolk – and the rest of the UK?

20. For evaluation of fuel economy, carbon saving, tailpipe emissions, driver performance…
Contact
Bruce Tofield
Jon Horsley