1. UFN
Carbon allotropes

2. Carbon allotropes 2 Eight allotropes of carbon: diamond graphite,
Lonsdaleite
C60 buckminsterfullerene
C540, Fullerite
C70
amorphous carbon
single-walled carbon nanotube

3. Carbon nanotubes 3
Prasek, J. et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 15872–15884.

4. Carbon nanotubes 4
Prasek, J. et al. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 15872–15884.

5. Noncovalent modification5
Battigelli, A. et al. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 2013, 65, 1899–1920.

6. Noncovalent modification6
Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854.

7. Chemical modification - DOX7
Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854.

8. Chemical modification8
Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854.

9. Chemical modification9
Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854.

10. Chemical modification10
Amphotericin B – antifungal drug
Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854.

11. Chemical modification11
Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854.

12. Chemical modification12
Anti-P-gp – glycoprotein antibody
Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854.

13. Chemical modification13
CDDP – cisplatin (cancer drug)
Sun, H. et al. J. Mater. Sci. 2014, 49, 6845–6854.

14. Chemistry of fullerenes14
The fullerene family, and especially C60, has appealing photo, electrochemical and physical
properties, which can be exploited in various medical fields. Fullerene is able to fit inside the
hydrophobic cavity of HIV proteases, inhibiting the access of substrates to the catalytic site of
enzyme. It can be used as radical scavenger and antioxidant. At the same time, if exposed to
light, fullerene can produce singlet oxygen in high quantum yields. This action, together with
direct electron transfer from excited state of fullerene and DNA bases, can be used to cleave
DNA. In addition, fullerenes have been used as a carrier for gene and drug delivery systems.
Also they are used for serum protein profiling as MELDI material for biomarker discovery.
Bakry, R. et al. International Journal of Nanomedicine 2007, 2, 639–649.
Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33,

15. Chemistry of fullerenes15
Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33,

16. Chemistry of fullerenes16
Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33,

17. Chemistry of fullerenes17
Santos, L. J. et al. Quim. Nova 2010, 33,

18. Nanodiamonds 18
Arnault, J. C. Topics in Applied Physics 2015, 121,

19. Nanodiamonds 19
Gonçalves, J. P. L. et al. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2765–2773.

20. Nanodiamonds 20
Nanodiamond terminated with carboxylic groups (ND–COOH; green region) is a common starting material (and is made by air oxidation or ozone treatment of nanodiamond, followed by treatment in aqueous HCl to hydrolyse anhydrides and remove metal impurities). The surface of ND–COOH can be modified by high-temperature gas treatments (red) or ambient-temperature wet chemistry techniques (blue). Heating in NH3, for example, can result in the formation of a variety of different surface groups including NH2, C–O–H, C≡N and groups containing C=N. Heating in Cl2 produces acylchlorides, and F2 treatment forms C–F groups. Treatment in H2 completely reduces C=O to C–O–H and forms additional C–H groups. Hydroxyl (OH) groups may be removed at higher temperatures or with longer hydrogenation times, or by treatment in hydrogen plasma. Annealing in N2, Ar or vacuum completely removes the functional groups and converts the nanodiamonds into graphitic carbon nano-onions.
Mochalin, V. N. et al. Nature Nanotechnology 2012, 7,

21. Nanodiamonds 21
Jarre, G. et al. Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2014, 10, 2729–2737.

22. Nanodiamonds 22
Sapsford, K.-E. et al. Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 1904–2074.

23. Graphene 23
Byun, J. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 25, 145–151.

24. Graphene 24
Shi, S. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 1609−1619.

25. Graphene 25
Shi, S. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 1609−1619.

26. Graphene 26
Shi, S. et al. Bioconjugate Chem. 2014, 25, 1609−1619.

27. Graphene 27
Schematic illustration of the constraint of DNA molecules on functionalized graphene and its effects. Single stranded DNA can be effectively constrained on the surface of graphene through adsorption. The enzyme DNase I can digest free DNA but not graphene-bound DNA.
Yang, Y. et al. Materials Today 2013, 16, 365−373.

28. Graphene 28
Laminins – high-molecular weight (~400 kDa) proteins of the extracellular matrix
Zhang, Y. et al. Nanoscale 2012, 4, 3833–3842.

29. Amorphous (active) carbon29
Stein, A. et al. Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 265–293.

30. Amorphous (active) carbon30
Žáková, P. et al. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 60, 394–401.

31. Amorphous (active) carbon31
Žáková, P. et al. Mat. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 60, 394–401.