2. Developments Within the Church (Byzantium):
- Liturgies of Sts. John Chrysostom & Basil the Great, cycle of services and feasts - ‘Byzantine Rite’
- growing emphasis on the Holy Virgin with prominent feasts
- flowering of kontakia and stichera (St. Romanos’ legacy)
- Great Canon of Saint Andrew (repentance)
- continuing emphasis on Christian icons and mosaics

4. Byzantine Empire, Unified but Reduced:

6. The Heresy of Iconoclasm:
- rejection of icons and their veneration (and the cult of the saints)
- included panel paintings, mosaics, frescos & images on sacred vessels and vestments
- influence of Islam, particularly through Leo’s Syrian background
- revolt by secular culture, inspired by emperors, to liberate art from the Church
- outburst of Hellenistic spirituality disdaining anything artificial or material
- power: desire of Isaurian emperors to subjugate the Church to the State

8. The 7th Ecumenical Council (787 in Nicea):