1. Plant Kingdom
Chapters 21-23

2. General Plant Characteristics
Multicellular
Eukaryotes
Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose
(a polysaccharide)
Large central vacuole
Autotrophs/Producers
(Photosynthesis)

3. Classification of Plants
Same general classification
Use the term Division instead of Phylum
Botanists – scientists who study plants
Link to animation

5. Plant Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups:
Vascular & Non-Vascular
Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials
Called the Vascular System
Vascular Bundles

6. Nonvascular vs. Vascular
Nonvascular - plants that do NOT have specialized tissues that can move water and nutrients
Must be small and low to ground
Example: mosses
Vascular - plants that DO have specialized tissues to move water and nutrients
a) xylem- moves water
b) phloem- moves food

7. Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue
for support or conduction of
materials
Called Bryophytes
Require a constantly moist environment.

8. Nonvascular Plants Plants can’t grow as tall (usually small)
Cells must be in direct contact with moisture
Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell
Includes mosses, liverworts & hornworts

9. Vascular System
Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars (food) made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used

10. Main Parts of Vascular Plants
Shoots
- Found above ground
- Have leaves attached
- Photosynthetic part of
plant
Roots
-Found below ground
-Absorb water & minerals
-Anchor the plant

11. Vascular Plants Divided into two groups: Seedless vascular plants
Seed-bearing (seeded) vascular plants
Club Moss

13. Seedless versus Seeded Vascular Plants
- reproduce by spores
- ex. Club mosses, whisk ferns
Seed -
- reproduce by seeds
- ex. Angiosperm and Gymnosperm

14. Vascular Seed Plants
Produce seeds (a plant structure that contains an embryo, contains nutrients for the embryo, and is covered with a protective coat)
Can be further divided into 2 groups:
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms

16. Gymnosperm
Cone bearing plants (ex. Pine tree)

17. Angiosperm Flowering plants Make seeds in flowers
Pollen produced in stamen (male)
Ovules are made in ovary of the pistil (female)
Pollen must travel from stamen’s anthers to the stigma

18. Diagram of Flower

19. Division of Angiosperms
Monocot - 1 seed leaf, parallel lines in leaves, and flower parts in multiples of 3
Dicot - 2 seed leaves, branched or netted lines in leaves, flowering parts in multiples of 4 or 5

20. Plant Parts Roots - underground, absorb water and nutrients
Leaves - photosynthetic part, traps light, and gas exchange
Cuticle - prevents water loss and protects against invading microorganisms

21. Stems - support structure
Fruit - ovary surrounding the seed, protects seed
Flower/ Petal - reproductive structure that produces pollen and seeds, promotes seed dispersion

22. Patterns of Plant Growth
Annual - completes its life span in one year (grows and dies all in one year)
Biennial – life span of two years
Ex: carrots, beets, turnips
Perennials - live for more than two years (trees and shrubs)

23. Seed Dispersal Animals - eat fleshy fruits and deposit seeds
Air - must be light and designed to fly
Water - coconuts drift and settle

24. Plant Responses Phototropism - grow towards light
Gravitropism - roots grown down with pull of gravity

25. Plant Adaptations Need minerals - roots absorb H2O & minerals
Gravity – cellulose in cell wall for support
Increase in Height for Light – vascular transport system
Adaptations for Drier environment – waxy cuticle

26. Why We Need Plants Produce oxygen for the atmosphere
Produce lumber for building, pulp for paper products
Provide homes (habitat) and food for many organisms
Prevent erosion
Source of many medicines
Ornamental and shade for yards