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BIO 244: General Microbiology
Chapter 9 Biotechnology and ___________ DNA Watson and Crick 1953
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Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA
The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to_____________________ Foods – bacteria to make yogurt, yeast to make dough Antibiotics Vitamins Enzymes – to remove stains RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY: Insertion or modification of ________ to produce desired proteins Using living organisms as factories to make products that they _____________________ = GENETIC ENGINEERING
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______________ DNA TECHNOLOGY
Figure 9.1 ______________ DNA TECHNOLOGY
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TOOLS in RECOMBINANT DNA PROCEDURES
____________ENZYMES cut desired ____ sequences ________________ carry new DNA to desired cells ______________ CELL (host) make genetically identical cells that replicate genes POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ________
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______________ ENZYMES DNA ___________ Enzymes
Cut ____________ sequences of DNA Destroy ____________ DNA that enters bacterial cells
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_______________ Types of Vectors: Carry new DNA to desired cell
________________ Circular, extrachromosomal DNA _________________ Bacteriophages Virus
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RECIPIENT _________ CELLS
DESIRABLE FEATURES: Rapid turnover, fast ______________ Can be grown in large quantities, ________________________ Nonpathogenic _______ are well-mapped Capable of accepting plasmid or bacteriophage vectors Will produce high yield of ___________ from expressed foreign genes
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_____________ Chain Reaction (PCR) A molecular __________ machine for DNA amplification
________ DNA - sequence of DNA with selected gene Primers – short pieces of nucleic acids that dictate portion of DNA to be amplified Figure 9.4.1
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Figure 9.4.2
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Summary of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
To make multiple copies of a piece of DNA ________________ Production of billions of copies of __________ DNA sequences Used to: ________ DNA for recombination ________ DNA to detectable levels Sequence DNA Diagnose genetic disease Detect __________ By using primers unique to a specific organism
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DNA ________ to IDENTIFY _______
Figure
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RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Therapeutic Applications Efficient, inexpensive product production hormones Gene therapy to replace defective or missing genes Human ________ Project: J. Craig Venter and Francis Collins Human genome sequenced 3.1 billion base pairs that make up DNA had been identified and put in proper order Human _______ Project may provide diagnostics and treatments
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Fundamental Tools in Genetic Engineering/Biotechnology
_____________ ENZYMES ____ DNA into fragments GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Separate DNA fragments according to __________ Agarose gel Electric current DNA _________ Single-stranded pieces of DNA __________________ ______________ Single-stranded DNA Serve as sites for DNA polymerase to bind
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TOOLS of GENETIC ENGINEERING- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and ___________
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Recombinant Technique: ______________ The use of _______ to identify given DNA sequences
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____________________
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Recombinant Technique: DNA Fingerprinting Science takes the Witness Stand
Features: Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA Electrophoresis Separates ________________ Hybridization probes Locate specific DNA sequences _________ To increase the number of DNA copies ________________ Technique Produce visible record
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DNA Fingerprinting
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Treating a disease by _________________
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