1. Instructors: George Crowl
ORD-10
Ordinary
Piloting
Instructors: George Crowl
This and other plans are for Sea Scout and leaders to teach maritime and leadership skills. They are based on the 2016 Sea Scout Manual and requirements. Some lessons have an accompanying PowerPoint presentation. I consider PowerPoint an introduction the topic, to be followed by hands-on practice. Several lessons will not have PowerPoint, usually because it is my judgement that PowerPoint is not an appropriate aid to teaching that lesson. Lesson plans and presentations will be added and modified when ready.
Each plan and presentation has the rank, requirement number and short name. LP means lesson plan, PPT means PowerPoint. APP means Apprentice, the number is the number of the requirement. ORD = Ordinary. ABL = Able. QM = Quartermaster. There are a few miscellaneous items as well.
I created these lesson plans primarily for the Houston area Sea Scout Academy. However, I hope that they are also useful for other Sea Scout situations and venues. So, I expect everyone using the lesson plans to modify them to fit their audience and their style. There are also other resources in the DVD with the Sea Scout Manual, and on
I invite comments from those that use these lesson plans, so we can have continuous improvement. If you are aware of a better example, or a great illustration that is not in them, please send them to me for inclusion. Especially, if I miss applying a change from the Sea Scout Manual, Guide to Safe Scouting, or a Coast Guard publication, please contact me so we can keep these current and accurate.
You may contact me at or George Crowl; Skipper, Ship 1996; Sam Houston Area Council Scout

2. Course Outline
a. Demonstrate your understanding of latitude and longitude. Using a chart, demonstrate that you can locate your position from given coordinates and determine the coordinates of at least five aids to navigation.
b. Explain the degree system of compass direction. Explain variation and deviation and how they are used to convert between true heading and bearings to compass headings and bearings.
Requirements: 10. Piloting and Navigation
Demonstrate your understanding of latitude and longitude. Using a chart, demonstrate that you can locate your position from given coordinates and determine the coordinates of at least five aids to navigation.
Explain the degree system of compass direction. Explain variation and deviation and how they are used to convert between true headings and bearings to compass headings and bearings.
Describe three kinds of devices used aboard ship for measuring speed and/or distance traveled and, if possible, demonstrate their use.
Explain the 24-hour time system and demonstrate that you can convert between 12- and 24-hour time.
Understand Universal Coordinated Time (Greenwich Mean Time or Zulu Time) and zone time. Demonstrate your ability to convert from one to the other for your local area.
Make a dead reckoning table of compass and distances (minimum three legs) between two points, plot these on a chart, and determine the final position. Note: Ideally this requirement should be met while underway. If this is not possible, it may be simulated using charts.
Discuss how a GPS works. Explain possible uses and functions, including different screen views. Use a GPS to set a waypoint and navigate to the waypoint you have set.

3. Course Outline (2)
c. Describe three kinds of devices used aboard ship for measuring speed and/or distance.
d. Explain the 24-hour time system and demonstrate that you can convert between and 24-hour time.
e. Understand Universal Coordinated time (Greenwich Mean Time or Zulu Time) and zone time. Demonstrate your ability to convert from one to the other for your local area.
Requirements: 10. Piloting and Navigation
Demonstrate your understanding of latitude and longitude. Using a Mercator chart, demonstrate that you can locate your position from given coordinates and determine the coordinates of at least five aids to navigation.
Explain the degree system of compass direction. Explain variation and deviation and how they are used to convert between true headings and bearings to compass headings and bearings.
Describe three kinds of devices used aboard ship for measuring speed and/or distance traveled and, if possible, demonstrate their use.
Explain the 24-hour time system and demonstrate that you can convert between 12- and 24-hour time.
Understand Universal Coordinated Time (Greenwich Mean Time or Zulu Time) and zone time. Demonstrate your ability to convert from one to the other for your local area.
Make a dead reckoning table of compass and distances (minimum three legs) between two points, plot these on a chart, and determine the final position. Note: Ideally this requirement should be met while underway. If this is not possible, it may be simulated using charts.
Discuss how a GPS works. Explain possible uses and functions, including different screen views. Use a GPS to set a waypoint and navigate to the waypoint you have set.

4. Course Outline (3)
f. make a dead reckoning table of compass and distances (minimum three legs) between two points, plot these on a chart, and determine the final position. Note: Ideally this requirement should be met while underway. If this is not ossible, it may be simulated using charts.
g. Discuss how a GPS works. Explain possible uses and functions, including different screen views. Use a GPS to set a waypoint and navigate to the waypoint you have set.
Requirements: 10. Piloting and Navigation
Demonstrate your understanding of latitude and longitude. Using a Mercator chart, demonstrate that you can locate your position from given coordinates and determine the coordinates of at least five aids to navigation.
Explain the degree system of compass direction. Explain variation and deviation and how they are used to convert between true headings and bearings to compass headings and bearings.
Describe three kinds of devices used aboard ship for measuring speed and/or distance traveled and, if possible, demonstrate their use.
Understand Universal Coordinated Time (Greenwich Mean Time or Zulu Time) and zone time. Demonstrate your ability to convert from one to the other for your local area.
Explain the 24-hour time system and demonstrate that you can convert between 12- and 24-hour time.
Make a dead reckoning table of compass and distances (minimum three legs) between two points, plot these on a chart, and determine the final position. Note: Ideally this requirement should be met while underway. If this is not possible, it may be simulated using charts.
Discuss how a GPS works. Explain possible uses and functions, including different screen views. Use a GPS to set a waypoint and navigate to the waypoint you have set.

5. ORD-10a. Demonstrate your understanding of latitude and longitude.
Using a chart, demonstrate that you can locate your position from given coordinates and determine the coordinates of at least five aids to navigation.
10a. Demonstrate your understanding of latitude and longitude. Using a chart, demonstrate that you can locate your position from given coordinates and determine the coordinates of at least five aids to navigation.

6. Latitude / Longitude
Houston is about 30° north of the equator, and 90° west of Greenwich. Numbers increase up and left in the US.

7. 60 Minutes per Degree 60 minutes per degree 1 minute = 1 nautical mile
(measured north / south)
1 NM = 6080 ft
60 seconds = 1 minute
1 second = 101 feet
In Java, latitude increases south and longitude increases east. Why?

8. Plotting a Position
Determine the parallels on the chart that bracket the latitude.
Place the pivot point of the compass on the closest line.
Spread the compass until the lead rests on the given latitude.
Move to the approximate longitude and swing an arc.
Latitude is measured in degrees, minutes and seconds (90°, 00’, 00” maximum values) north or south of the equator (1/4 circle). Many GPS systems also measure in degrees and hundredths or thousandth of a minute (89°, ’). Kemah Channel Marker 2 is located at 29°33’09”N, which may also be expressed as 29°33.150’N. In some annotations, the N will come in front, as N The latitude scale is located on the left and right edges of the chart. Coastal charts are calibrated in DD MM.T (° '.0) , and inland charts are calibrated in ° ’ ”. On Chart 11327, a latitude line is located every two minutes of latitude. On Crowl’s reproduced charts, each minute is divided into tenths (6”) by tick marks.

9. Plotting a Position
The same process is repeated using the longitude scale and the given longitude.
The desired position is the intersection of these two arcs.
If plotted correctly, the intersection should occur at the crest of both arcs.
Longitude is also measured in degrees, minutes and seconds, or minutes.thousandths. It is measured east and west from Greenwich, England, site of the original British naval observatory. (Trivia: 0° longitude runs right through the middle of Gilwell Park on the south side of the Thames.) The maximum value is 180° E or W, generally the International Date Line. Kemah Channel Marker 2 is located at 094°59’32”W, which may also be expressed as 094°59.533’W. In some annotations, the W will come in front, as W The latitude scale is located on the top and bottom edges of the chart, and is calibrated in ° ’ ”. On Chart 11327, a longitude line is located every two minutes of longitude. On Crowl’s reproduced charts, each minute is divided into tenths (6”) by tick marks. Insure you measure longitude on the E/W scale!

10. Minutes / Seconds Minutes / Tenths, Hundredths
Measure in degrees, minutes, seconds (N29° 34’ 47”) OR
Measure in degrees, minutes, and tenths, hundredths, thousandths (N29° ’)
N 29° 34’ 47” = N 29° ’
See the left and bottom edges of your chart, and the 1/10’ marks on the middle.
EXERCISE – Plot the following coordinates:
N41°41.4' W072°05.5'
N41°40.2' W072°01.1'
N W
N W
N W
NOTE: The slide intentionally shows the formal annotation of degrees-minutes-tenths (N41°41.4') and the more common logging usage for the same (N ). Students may use the latter.

11. Plotted Points
The points in the previous slide are shown on this slide.
Chapman Point
Buoy CP
Buoy R10
Buoy OR
A location in the middle of the bay

12. Determine Coordinates of…
1. Channel Island Light Fl 8s 20ft 5M
2. Bowditch Bay Light G9 Fl G 4s
3. Oyster River Light G1 Fl G 2s
4. Bowditch Bay Buoy R N 14
5. Bowditch Bay Light R16 Fl R 4s
Have the students determine the coordinates of several easily identifiable points scattered around the chart. When they have mastered that, have them plot coordinates provided to them, first of actual locations, then of points out in the water. Expect accuracy to 0.2’ by interpolation. (pp , SSPR p. 22)

13. Coordinates are: 1. Channel Is Light N41°41.7' W071°53.7'
2. BB G9 Fl G 4s N W
3. OR G1 Fl G 2s N W
4. BB R14 R N N W
5. BB R16 Fl R 4s N W
NOTE: The slide intentionally shows the formal annotation of degrees- minutes-tenths (W071°53.7') and the more common logging usage for the same (N ). Students may use the latter.

14. ORD-10b. Explain the degree system of compass direction.
Explain variation and deviation, and how they are used to convert between true and compass headings and bearings.
10b. Explain the degree system of compass direction. Explain variation and deviation and how they are used to convert between true headings and bearings to compass headings and bearings.

15. Degree System of Compass Direction (Outer Ring)
360° in a circle, 0° and 360° at North (star)
090° = East
180° = South
270° = West
Any intermediate direction measured by numbered angle
Remind Scouts there are 360° in a circle. North is 000°, East is 090°, South is 180°, West is 270°, and North is also 360°. Compass bearings and courses are read in three digits, so 030°, 045°, and 060° are the proper way to express bearings and courses in the northeast quadrant. Show the (outer) true compass rose on the nautical chart. (p. 192, SSPR p. 28)

16. North Magnetic Pole Compass does not point N Changes everywhere
Points 2° E Houston so (-)
subtract from True
Variation. Show the isogonic chart with the north magnetic pole up in Canada. Show how our compasses point to it, not the north geographic pole. The compasses point to the right, or 2° East than they should. Variation for Galveston Bay is 2°E, and the correction is minus (-). “East is least.” “-3E” Note the arrows in the lower corners of the illustration. For Bowditch Bay, variation is 15°W, the correction is (+). “+15W”

17. Variation (inner circle)
Compass variation – same for all compasses
Plotted on chart compass rose
Listed on bottom of chart also
Look at your chart
Show them where it is on the bottom of the chart, and show the magnetic compass rose inside the true compass rose. (p. 192, SSPR p ) NOTE: Bowditch Bay does not have VAR on the bottom of the chart.

18. Deviation
Deflection of a compass needle caused by a magnetic influence
Deviation. Every boat compass is subject to deviation from the real heading because of the electric and magnetic parts of the boat pull on the compass. This deviation changes on all different headings of the boat. It is different with the engine running and the engine off. Large vessels all have deviation cards. Many Sea Scout vessels do not. However, below is a copy of a deviation chart for a local Sea Scout vessel. This should be posted in view of the helm. (pp , SSPR p. 23)

19. Deviation Different on EVERY boat
Different on EVERY heading for every boat!
Also –E & +W
Defiant Compass Swing 4 NOV 06
Motor on, under way
TRUE VAR MAG DEV COMP
Defiant Compass Swing 4 NOV 06
Motor on, under way
TRUE VAR MAG DEV COMP

20. Variation, Deviation & Compass Correction
TC VAR MC DEV COMP
E W
T V Makes Dull Company -
Add Whisky (+W)
Hand compasses = no deviation, because deviation depends on where you are on the boat
Correcting and uncorrecting for variation and deviation. Use the deck log that shows all five columns above. Give the students true headings and ask them to convert to compass, then give them compass headings to be converted back to true. (p. 194, SSPR p. 26)
Crowl has a cheat sheet to help solve TVMDC problems. You may contact him a and request a copy.

21. Sample Deck Log

22. West is Best (+) “+15W” Compass Correction East is Least (-) “-3E”
Crowl recommends students write -3E or +15W in both VAR and DEV columns, to help remember the relaltionship.

23. Compass Correction T True V Variation M Magnetic D Deviation C Compass
TV Makes Dull Company
+W and -E are the standard notations, going down this column or across the deck log. On some occasions, you are called on to work the problem backwards, from COMP to MAG to TRUE. Apply the signs algebraicly in those cases.

24. ORD-10c.
Describe three kinds of devices used aboard ship for measuring speed and/or distance traveled and, if possible, demonstrate their use.
10c. Describe three kinds of devices used aboard ship for measuring speed and/or distance traveled and, if possible, demonstrate their use.

25. Speed Logs Speed by RPM Dutchman’s log 5”/30’ = 3.56KT Ground Log
Chip Log
Patent Log
Taffrail Log
GPS
Other logs are covered in the next slides
Speed by RPM. Speed through the water is usually a function of the motor RPM in a stable environment. Prepare a table of RPM vs. speed based on timing over a fixed course in still water.
Dutchman’s log. Measure a fixed distance from near the bow to near the stern. Drop an object in the water at the front, time it to the back. Use the formula (feet/feet per hour = time (seconds)/seconds per hour (3600). Since you know feet, time, and 3600, solve for feet per hour. Divide by 6080 for knots. (pp. 195)
5 sec/3600 sec/hr = 30 feet/X. X = 108,000/5 = 21,600’/hr. ÷ ft/NM = 3.56 KT
Ground log. Good in shoal water only. Throw a weight overboard and let it pay out for a specified time. Measure the distance and use the formula above. It will also show vessel drift if the line does not go directly behind the boat. Reel it back in. Not good in snags. (p. 196)

26. Chip Log
Chip log. (A working chip log is available from George Crowl). A chip board is prepared with a line marked with (1, 2, 3, 4) knots every 47’3”. The chip board is dropped overboard and an attached line is allowed to pay out for 28 seconds. At 28 seconds the line is stopped, and the knots (and tenths) observed. The board is then retrieved and cast again if desired. (p. 195)

27. Patent / Taffrail Log
Speedometers (logs, patent logs) are made in many ways. They are approximate, and only measure speed through the water, not speed over the ground. Most operate on the fluid pressure, causing a needle to move. (pp )

28. GPS. Modern GPSs can provide instantaneous track, ground speed (speed over ground) and distance traveled since reset (along with a visible track over ground). Each GPS is somewhat different, so learn the one you have the opportunity of using. They are relatively accurate. (p. 106)

29. 10c. Measure Speed and Distance
Distance is measured in
Nautical miles
= 6080 feet
Speed is measured in
Knots
(Nautical miles per hour)

30. Measuring Distance Always measure distance on the Latitude scale!
OR – use the scale on the chart
Measuring distance on a chart. To plan a cruise, determine the departure point, usually the marker at the end of a channel. Use Oyster River Channel Light OR as the departure point. Find the light buoy Bowdich Bay Channel R6. Draw a straight line from OR to R6. Using dividers, measure five minutes of arc (five nautical miles) along a longitude line (North/South, or up/down). Starting at OR, mark five miles, swing the dividers, mark five more miles, it comes out very close to 10.0 NM. (p. 197, SSPR p. 24)
On a Bowditch Bay chart, show them the scale at the top of the chart, marked in tenths. Note on the side of the regular chart that there is a scale in degrees, minutes and tenths.
NEVER measure on a latitude line, they change as latitude changes.

31. Why We Use Vertical Scale
Note that at our latitude of 30°, we would be off by about 15% if we used the wrong scale.

32. Measuring Course – Parallel Rules
Using parallel rules B
Measuring courses on a chart. Using the line above, place the parallel rules on the chart line with the line along one edge. Many people find it useful to stick the dividers into the chart spread apart on the line, then place the parallel rules against the dividers. Move one half of the parallel rules to the compass rose. If you cannot do it in one move, make two or three. Read the true course on the outer ring, the magnetic course on the inner ring. Some people prefer a protractor (Weems plotter), and if so, line up the center on a longitude line and read the course under the longitude line. Remember, when going east, the figure is less than 180°, when going west greater than 180°. Selecting a reciprocal bearing is a common beginner mistake. (SSPR p. 22, no illustration in SSM) A
SSPR
p. 22

33. Measuring Course – Plotter
Plotter – align using your dividers
Grommet on longitude line
Place your dividers on start and end (or on the line).
Slide your plotter along the dividers until you align the bulls-eye with a longitude line.
Read the course at the same longitude line, in this picture 072 (or 252).
Disambiguate your value, eastbound is less than 180°, westbound is more than 180°.

34. Find out where you want to go, then mark those points
Find out where you want to go, then mark those points. For our class, see below.
The departure, turning points and destination are circled.
RW OR R6
RG D
RG CP

35. Courses are drawn using a plotter, parallel rules, or straight edge.

36. Courses are mesured using a plotter or parallel rules
Courses are mesured using a plotter or parallel rules. If the dividers are used on the start and destination, it makes lining up the plotter or parallel rules much easier. Annotate the true course in three digits (C072) on top of the line at the start.
Also, if the dividers are laid down gently, they can be later picked up to measure the distance.
Do similar tasks consecutively.

37. Measure (if needed) and annotate the distance
Measure (if needed) and annotate the distance. Distance is in the middle of the line, underneath.

38. Deck Log Plan Start your deck log with true course and distance.
Derive mag course and perhaps compass.
Deck Log (dead reckoning table). The deck log is where planned courses are laid out, and where actual fixes and tracks are recorded. Record departure and destination. Measure the TRUE course from RW OR to BB R6, record in the TRUE column. Apply variation and deviation to determine COMPASS course. (SSPR pp. 25-6)
Do two more legs as annotated above, using the procedures above.
This begins the plan.
Now is the time to start your deck log plan. You have the courses and distances, write those down. Do the math to get mag course. If you have deviation tables at hand, compute compass course. No need to put down the coordinates of named points, unless you need to add them to your GPS waypoints.

39. Speed Time Distance S (speed) D (distance) = 60 (minutes) T time)
Calculating speed, time, or distance. Distance = speed x time/ knots for 30 minutes is 2.0 NM (4.0 x 30 / 60 = 2.0). I prefer the general formula: S/60=D/T. Cross-multiply and that will solve all rate/time/distance problems, merely by plugging in the knowns. (pp. 198, SSPR p. 25)
Crowl has a cheat sheet using the above formula for calculating any desired X. Contact me at for a copy.

40. Estimate Speed, Calculate Time
= x9.3 = 558÷6.0 = 93 = 1+33 X
The calculation is the general formula, with the values of the first line plugged in, showing how to solve it. Cross-multiply 60 x 9.3, answer Divide by 6.0, answer 93 minutes. Express as 1 hour, 33 minutes.
Here is the deck log with planned speed, and the Estimated Time Enroute, using the general formula in the slide above.

41. ORD-10d.
Explain the 24-hour time system and demonstrate that you can convert between 12- and 24- hour time.
10d. Explain the 24-hour time system and demonstrate that you can convert between 12- and 24-hour time. (p )

42. 12- vs. 24-Hour Time 12-Hour 24-Hour 12-Hour 24-Hour
1:00 AM :00 PM
2:00 AM :00 PM
3:00 AM :00 PM
4:00 AM :00 PM
5:00 AM :00 PM
6:00 AM :00 PM
7:00 AM :00 PM
8:00 AM :00 PM
9:00 AM :00 PM
10:00 AM :00 PM
11:00 AM :00 PM
Noon Midnight
24-Hour Time. We normally express time in 12 hours AM and PM. Mariners discovered that could cause confusion, so they use a 24- hour clock, like the military and some other countries. The clock starts at midnight (0000) and time is expressed in four digits, with a zero in front, up until :25 AM is :24 AM is :35 AM is At 1:00 PM, we start adding 12 hours to the normal time, so 1:24 PM is :45 PM is Midnight may be expressed as 2400 of one day or 0000 of the next day, according to what is convenient. Sample 24-hour clocks from Google are illustrated below. Digital watches may often be set to 24-hour time with the push of a button.

43. 24-Hour Clock Faces

44. ORD-10e.
Understand Universal Coordinated Time (Greenwich Mean Time or Zulu Time) and zone time.
Demonstrate your ability to convert from one to the other for your local area.
10e. Understand Universal Coordinated Time (Greenwich Mean Time or Zulu Time) and zone time. Demonstrate your ability to convert from one to the other for your local area.

45. Zone Time
Zone Time. The world is 360° degrees around, and it takes 24 hours to spin, so it spins 15° per hour. Houston, Texas is close to 90° around the world to the west. The US Central Time Zone is therefore six hours less than (-) GMT. If it is noon (1200) in Greenwich, it is CST in Houston, and the sun is barely rising. Zone time is set based on those 15° increments, modified to fit convenient borders. Daylight Savings Time makes another hour difference, meaning that at 1200 GMT it is 0700 CDT in Houston. Remember, CST is -6 hours, CDT is -5 hours. Minutes don’t change.

46. UCT / GMT / Zulu Zone Standard DST Zulu Eastern 1000 1100 1500
Central
Mountain
Pacific
UTC/GMT/Z. Universal Coordinated Time, or perhaps more commonly called Greenwich Mean Time, is the time at the Greenwich, England naval observatory near London. It sits on the 0° meridian, where all geographic measurements start. It is also called Zulu time. All maritime, aeronautical, and celestial navigation is done in UTC/GMT/Z date and time.

47. ORD-10f.
Make a dead reckoning table of compass and distances (minimum three legs) between two points, plot these on a chart, and determine the final position.
Note: Ideally this requirement should be met while under way. If this is not possible, it may be simulated using charts.
10f. Make a dead reckoning table of compass and distances (minimum three legs) between two points, plot these on a chart, and determine the final position. Note: Ideally this requirement should be met while underway. If this is not possible, it may be simulated using charts.

48. Dead Reckoning Record of ships progress based on Course Speed
Time traveled
Known starting point (fix)
Checked every hour, minimum
Checked at every course or speed change
(P. 198)

49. Dead Reckoning Terms DR Dead Reckoning Position EP Estimated Position
Fix Established position by any means
LOP Line of Position
C Course (where you want to go)
S Speed
Track Where you actually went
Heading Where the bow of your boat is pointed
Terms. Note the following terms that should be defined as they are used. (SSPR p. 31)
Course. The line along which you want to go, measured in degrees.
Heading. Where the bow of your boat is pointed, measured in degrees.
Track. Where the vessel actually went over the ground, measured in degrees.
Bearing. The direction of an object, measured in degrees. Bearings may be relative (related to the bow of the boat), compass (related to the boat’s compass heading), magnetic (related to magnetic north), or true (related to true north).
Knot. Measure of speed, one nautical mile per hour. Not a measure of distance.
Nautical mile. Measure of distance, 6080 feet, 15% longer than a statute mile, and coincident with one minute of arc on the earth’s surface, making measurement easy.
Isogonic. Lines of equal variation. Try not to use this term.

50. Dead Reckoning (DR)
Start from a fix
Label all lines on chart
Numbers are rounded off
Use Military time
Courses & bearings are 3 digits (045, 218)
Label course with C & bearing with B (C045, B126)
Speed in Knots (1/10 K) placed under the course line
Distance to nearest 1/10 NM place after speed
DR is marked by a dot and semicircle 
Fix is marked by a dot and circle with the time 
Estimated position marked by a dot and square [·] and time

51. . . . Chart Labeling DR FIX C083 S8.4 D3.6 Estimated Position 1630 DR
FIX
1630
C083
1600
1650
S8.4 D3.6
Estimated
Position

52. DR Exercise Navigator cruising in Bowditch Bay.
Plan the cruise with given data.
We will then give you the instrument readings to make that cruise.

53. Deck Log RW OR to DR
Give the students a start time, a set of compass headings, speeds and times that vary somewhat from the plan, and ask them to complete the “actual” dead reckoning log and plot the ship’s position at the end of each leg. They should compute ETAs to the next turning point at departure and turning points. Exact log keeping and chart symbols are not part of this requirement. However, show them how to do it so they don’t learn bad habits. (pp , SSPR p. 26)
Start time is 0935 (in red). Calculate a planned ETA to BB R6 of 1108.
Establish a DR one hour later (in red), observing that the (underlined) CH is 095, different than planned.
After plotting the DR, alter heading to BB R6. That line is on the next slide.

54. Bowditch Bay RW OR to DR
Point out the departure time. One hour later, the DR position, symbol and time. We are off course, what are we going to do about it? Alter heading.
Calculate the new TH, MH, and CH. Maintain 6.7K, measure distance to BB R6, calculate ETA, write it down.
I did not annotate the new DR heading, distance, etc. on the chart. USPS would probably consider that wrong, and I will concede that. However, I plead two reasons. 1) it clutters the chart a lot 2) it forces the students to solve the problems themselves. Both cases can be made. This is not SEAL, but ORD-10.

55. DR to BB R6
Here is your log entry. Measured TC 060, MC 075, CC 077, S 6.7, D 2.6, ETA The actual arrival time at BB R6 is 1100 (in red).
Next, calculate the next DR (what time? [1200]) with a CH 360, S Then alter heading to RG D, provide CH, time, and ETA.

56. BB R6 to RG D
Here is the DR position, and the alter heading to RG D. Note the actual times are logged in red to identify them to the youth.
Some may disagree with me, but note that I dropped the N and W. Unless you are near the 0° or 180° meridians, or 0° latitude, it is busywork to keep writing N & W. Navigating in the US that is understood. Just a professional navigator's opinion. USPS may disagree.

57. BB R6 to RG D
Fix departure time DR Alter heading. Similar to the first leg.
Our outbound heading is per mission plan. Speed is 7.0K. Calculate the hourly DR and estimate to RG CP

58. RG D to RG CP
Here is the deck log for the third leg.

59. BB R6 to RG D
Here is the chart for the third leg.

60. Summary Make a plan Write it down (deck log, chart)
Follow it if you can
Navigation requires times. Write them down!
DR ahead, it makes life easier
The perfect is the enemy of the good. A decent new heading on time is better than a perfect one late.

61. Global Positioning System (GPS)
g. Discuss how a GPS works. Explain possible uses and functions, including different screen views. Use a GPS to set a waypoint and navigate to the waypoint you have set.

62. Global Positioning System (GPS)
Satellites circle the earth at 55° angle to the equator.
Everything is precisely timed to provide location
Lock on four satellites provides 3-D fix.
Movement over time gives track and groundspeed.
GPS has 24 or more satellites circling at 55° angle to the equator. Through very precise timing, the magic in the GPS box calculates a 3-D position on the earth, including altitude. From the instantaneous position, it can calculate groundspeed and track.

63. Global Positioning System (GPS)
Normal GPS operation measures time delays
SSPR
p. 30

64. GPS Provides: Location – latitude and longitude Track and groundspeed
Bearing and distance to a location
MOB function will take you back to MOB
A route can be set up from A to B to C to D …
It will show distance off course
Many GPSs show lots of other information

65. Waypoints Waypoints – places you are going along the way!
Marker 2 to Redfish to HSC 69 …
Coordinates, elevation, description (from list?)
GPS provides steering and calculates time to arrival at your current speed
Waypoints are places you want to go, or just to locate yourself in relation to. A waypoint may be Marker 2 on the Clear Lake Channel. If you set in the coordinates of a waypoint, the GPS can calculate the bearing, distance, and ETA to the point. It can tell you if you are off the course between two waypoints.
Students will enter three waypoints in a hand-held or boat-mounted GPS, and direct the boat via the homing function to each of the waypoints. Since each GPS is somewhat different, the instructor will have to teach to the equipment.
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66. Exercise! Handout Compass GPS Packet (GPS, Quick Start, Instructions)
We do ded reckoning on land, with a compass and timing our walks
If you are conducting this class without immediate access to a boat and water, we have found it effective to issue a compass and GPS to the students.
In one exercise, they can do ded reckoning on land with a compass and watch (3 MPH walk).
In the second exercise, have them set up their GPS for three or more waypoints, then follow the GPS indications to reach the waypoints.
You will have to invent your own course, it should take less than 30 minutes.

67. Fair Winds
And a following sea