1. Discussion Questions 4-3 & 4-4
When did the Middle Kingdom occur?
When did the New Kingdom occur?
How did Egypt grow powerful in the New Kingdom?
Who were the two most successful pharaoh’s of the New Kingdom? List their achievements.
What legal rights did women have in Egypt?
List the notable achievements of the Egyptians.
What was the importance of the Rosetta Stone?

2. End of the Old Kingdom
The 160 years after the Old Kingdom was a time of turmoil in Egypt
Pharaoh’s power was challenged
Local nobles battled each other over power
The kingdom had no central ruler
Chaos disrupted trade with foreign lands
Farming declined
The people faced economic hardship and famine.

3. The Middle Kingdom
Toward the end of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt again faced internal disorder
The pharaohs could not hold the kingdom together.
A group from Southwest Asia called the Hyksos invaded and conquered lower Egypt.
They ruled for 200 years.
Finally around 2050 BC, Mentuhotep II defeated his rivals and reunited Egypt.
This began the Middle Kingdom BC
The period of peace and stability was short-lived.

4. Egypt Fights Back In the mid 1500s, a new leader emerged.
Ahmose of Thebes drove the Hyksos out of Egypt and declared himself king of all Egypt.
His rise to power marked the beginning of Egypt’s 18th Dynasty and the New Kingdom
New Kingdom: BC

5. Egypt grows powerful during the New Kingdom
Captured Nubia and modern day Syria
Conquered people paid taxes (tribute)
Increased trade by building a canal between the Nile River and Red Sea.
Its empire extended from the Euphrates River to southern Nubia south of Egypt.

6. Hatshepsut Around 1473 ruled with her husband
Ruled on behalf of his child, finally making
herself pharaoh.
Became the 1st woman to rule Egypt in her own right
Often wore men’s clothing and a fake beard.
Avoided military conquests
Expanded Egypt’s economy through trade
Built many impressive monuments.
21 year reign.
Her stepson overthrew her and her government.
All monuments and traces of her reign were removed.

7. Ramses II Known as Ramses the Great (reigned 66yrs).
Regained land in western Asia and rebuilt the empire.
Launched a major building program, constructing several new temples.
Restored sphinx, completed the temple of Karnak, temple in Abu Simbel.

8. Other Notable Pharaohs
Amenhotep IV
Changed the polytheistic religion to monotheistic.
When priests protested he removed them from their positions, seized their lands, and closed temples.
Changed his name to Akhenaton (Spirit of Aton)
Neglected his roles of pharaoh and Egypt’s empire shrank.
When he died, his son-in-law inherited the throne.
Tutankhamen (King Tut)
Boy King who inherited throne at age of 10
Restored Egypt’s old religion.
Ruled for nine years and then died unexpectedly.
Tomb was found untouched by Howard Carter in 1922.
Contained the king’s mummy, treasures, and a gold mask of the kings face.

9. Daily Life in Egypt
Scribes kept records and accounts of the state as well as religious and literary text.
Artisans, Artists, and Architects worked as sculptors, builders, jewelers, and leather makers, etc.
Architects designed the temples and were admired.
Soldiers received land as payment
Slaves had some legal rights and could sometimes earn their freedom.
Women had certain legal rights
Own property
Make contracts
Obtain a divorce

10. Egyptian Achievements
Hieroglyphics
Papyrus
Egyptian Texts
Temple of Karnak
Sphinx
The Pyramids
Egyptian Art

11. Hieroglyphics
Historians had known about hieroglyphics for centuries but were unable to read them.
1799: The Rosetta Stone was discovered.
Had text in Greek as well as Egyptian.
Scholars who knew Greek were able to translate hieroglyphics.
600 + symbols
Symbols represented one or more sounds
Could be written vertically, horizontally, and from the right or left

12. Today’s Assignment
Classwork: Read the Pharaoh Reading Passage then answer the multiple choice questions. Turn this in today!
Homework: Complete the Vocabulary Builder Handout for Sections 3 and 4. Due Tomorrow!!
Read the directions carefully!
This will be graded for accuracy.