1. The process by which species have changed over time
EVOLUTION
The process by which species have changed over time
Supporting Observations indicate certain organisms may have a common ancestor, not that one organism changed into another

2. Evolution Part 1 Supporting evidence
Be able to identify and explain 5 types of evidence that supports that evolution has occurred and is occurring.

3. Supporting Observations
Fossils: the preserved remains of ancient organisms
Examples of Fossils
Imprints in sedimentary rocks
Organisms preserved in amber, ice, tar
Petrified shells or bones

4. Amber

5. La Brea
Tar Pits

6. Ice Man
3,300 BC: late Stone Age

8. Fossil Sequence
It is assumed that the lower layers are older than upper layers
The fossils found in the lower layers are simpler while those in the upper layers are more complex, but resemble the more primitive forms

9. In which rock layer are the fossils of more complex animals generally found?

10. Vestigial Organs = Organs that are no longer used.

11. Vestigial Organs show that a species has changed over time. EX:
Wings that don’t fly.
Eyes that don’t work.
Whales ancestors and snakes have vestigial legs.

12. Human vestigial organs:
Appendix
Tail bones
Wisdom Teeth
Plica semilunaris (3rd eyelid)

13. Comparative Cytology
The cell is the unifying structure for al living things
Organelles are the same in structure and function in almost all organisms

14. Comparative Biochemistry
Nucleic acids, proteins and enzymes are similar in all organisms
The closer the relationship, the greater the similarity in biochemistry

15. Comparative Biochemistry Suggests a common ancestor

17. Comparative Anatomy Similarity in physical structures
Homologous Structures- parts that are similar in structure but have a different function.
Ex: the forearm of a human, the wing of a bird and the flipper of a whale all have a similar arrangement and number of bones but they have a different function

18. Why are they similar?
They have a
COMMON ANCESTOR

19. DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS
Why are they different?
They evolved in
DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS

20. developed in a common environment
The bones in the forelimbs of three mammals are shown below.
For these mammals, the number, position, and shape of the bones most likely indicates that they may have:
developed in a common environment
developed from the same earlier species
identical genetic makeup
identical methods of obtaining food

21. Comparative Embryology
Embryos of vertebrates resemble each other very closely, indicating a common ancestor.

24. Closure questions
Answer the following questions

25. Frog
Horse
Pig
Gorilla

26. 4

27. Differences in the bone arrangements support the hypothesis that these organisms….
are members of the same species
may have descended from the same ancestor
have adaptations to survive in different environments
all contain the same genetic information

28. The sequence of amino acids in the cytochrome c molecule, an enzyme found in mitochondria, is identical in humans and chimpanzees. This fact best supports the concept that….
simpler organisms synthesized cytochrome c
humans and chimpanzees have similar nutritional requirements
simpler organisms evolved into more complex organisms
human and chimpanzees have a common ancestor

29. 2/27/17 Aim: I can explain how fossils are used to support the theory of evolution.
Launch:
Homework:
Back of launch Regents practice question “Species Extinctions.”
Due Tues.
Mutant Dinosaur project DUE FRI 3/3/17.
Castle leaning & Quiz FRIDAY 3/3.
Parent – Teacher conferences Thursday 3/8/17
PROGRESS REPORT PERIOD ENDS TODAY!

30. Launch

31. How life began video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYCf1iQifuQ
The history of the universe in 10 min
The Big Bang Theory

32. Evolution Part 2 Origins of life
Be able to explain how scientists believe life began on earth.
(ie. The Heterotroph Hypothesis)

33. Origins of Life
Spontaneous Generation- the belief that living things could be produced from non living things
EX- people believed that water in a pond produced frogs

34. Redi’s Experiment helped to disprove spontaneous generation

35. The Origin of Life The first living thing was a single cell.
It probably had RNA as the genetic material.
BUT HOW DID IT GET HERE?

36. The Heterotroph Hypothesis
The theory of how primitive life forms developed on primitive earth.

37. Conditions of Primitive Earth
Atmosphere: ammonia, methane, and hydrogen (no oxygen, no CO2).

38. The earth was described as being a hot body rich in inorganic substances and energy
The sources of energy included lightening, solar radiation, and radioactive materials

39. The oceans were gases and minerals mixed in a “ hot thin soup”

40. The Primordial Soup: Oceans were a mix of gases and inorganic minerals.
Methane
Ammonia
Water
Hydrogen

41. Energy caused the synthesis of organic compounds in the “hot thin soup” from inorganic compounds
Coacervates formed (organic compounds clustered together)
These coacervates absorbed new molecules (heterotrophic nutrition)

42. When the coacervates became too large, they split (reproduction)
When the coacervates became too large, they split (reproduction). These are the first living things?!.
These organisms used anaerobic respiration for energy and released carbon dioxide.
Some organisms developed that could use carbon dioxide and the sun’s energy to synthesize organic compounds. These were the first autotrophs. They released oxygen.

43. Organisms developed that could use oxygen for respiration – aerobic organisms.
Anaerobic Heterotrophs  Anaerobic Autotrophs  Aerobic Organisms

44. Is this possible? Miller-Urey Experiment
Stanley Miller was able to synthesize amino acids from primordial chemicals using “lightning” as an energy source.

45. Closure questions
Answer the following questions

46. According to most scientists, what sequence would best represent the order of biological evolution on Earth?
B-C-A

47. According to the Heterotroph hypothesis, which change contributed most directly to the evolution of aerobic organisms?
an increase in fermentation by organisms in the soil
the appearance of organisms able to carry on photosynthesis
a decrease in the intensity of light from the Sun
an increase in the concentration of hydrogen gas in the atmosphere

48. Which statement is part of the Heterotroph hypothesis?
Aerobes evolved before anaerobes.
Heterotrophs evolved before autotrophs.
Atmospheric oxygen was present before carbon dioxide.
Proteins were present before amino acids.

49. Lab: Evolution of Horse

50. What causes variations among a population?
MUTATIONS

51. What role do mutations play in evolution?
DeVries stated that mutations were a source of new traits that permits evolution to occur because it results in greater DIVERSITY among a population.

52. Why are mutations often called the raw materials of evolution?

53. Mutant Dinosaur Project