1. Congenital Heart Diseases
Pathophysiology
BMS 243
Lecture II
Congenital Heart Diseases
Dr. Aya M. Serry
2017

2. Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD)
Definition:
Congenital heart diseases is a category of heart disease that includes abnormalities in cardiovascular structures that occur before birth
Approximately 8 out of every 1,000 newborns have congenital heart defects, ranging from mild to severe
Congenital heart defects may produce symptoms at birth, during childhood, or not until adulthood.  Other congenital defects may cause no symptoms

3. Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD)
Symptoms:
The symptoms of congenital heart disease in infants and children include:
Cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, fingernails, and lips)
Fast breathing and poor feeding
Poor weight gain
Recurrent lung infections
Inability to exercise
In more severe cases, these problems may develop shortly after birth. However, symptoms sometimes don't develop until the teenage years or early adulthood.

4. Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD)
Diagnosis:
Congenital heart disease is often first detected when your doctor hears an abnormal heart sound or heart murmur when listening to your heart
Depending on the type of murmur your doctor hears, he or she may order further testing such as:
Echocardiogram
Cardiac catheterization
Chest X-ray
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

5. Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD)
Risk Factors
In the majority of people, the cause of congenital heart disease is unknown. However, there are some factors that increase chance of having congenital heart disease. These risk factors include:
Genetic or chromosomal abnormalities in the child, such as Down Syndrome
Taking certain medications or alcohol or drug abuse during pregnancy

6. Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD)
Risk Factors Cont’d
Maternal viral infections, such as (German measels) in the first trimester of Pregnancy
The risk of having a child with congenital heart disease may
double if a parent or a sibling has a congenital heart defect

7. Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD)

8. Congenital Heart Diseases (CHD)
Right Heart
Lungs
Left Heart
Body

9. CHD are classified into
Classification of CHD
CHD are classified into
Non-Cyanotic CHD
Cyanotic CHD
Atrial septal defects (ASD)
Ventricular septal defects (VSD)
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
4- Tetralogy of Fallot

10. A) Non-Cyanotic CHD Classification of CHD
1- Atrial septal defects (ASD)
Normally, a small opening between the two atria (foramen ovale) is present at child birth.
Shortly after birth, the atrial septum gradually grows and seals this opening
In infants with atrial septal defects, the atrial septum may not close properly or may be malformed during fetal development.
In these disorders, the opening between the atria persists long after it should be closed, resulting in an increase in the workload on the right side of the heart and excessive blood flow to the lungs

11. 2- Ventricular septal defects (VSD)
Classification of CHD
A) Non-Cyanotic CHD
2- Ventricular septal defects (VSD)
Ventricular septal defects can occur in any portion of the ventricular septum.
The size and location of the defect determine the severity of the symptoms. Small ventricular septal defects can close on their own (spontaneously) or become less significant as the child matures and grows
Moderately-sized defects can cause congestive Heart Failure, which is characterized by an abnormally rapid rate of breathing (tachypnea), wheezing, unusually fast heartbeat (tachycardia)

12. Classification of CHD
A) Non-Cyanotic CHD
2- Ventricular septal defects (VSD)
Large ventricular septal defects can cause life-threatening complications during infancy
Persistent elevation of the pressure within the artery that carries blood away from the heart and to the lungs (pulmonary artery) can cause permanent damage to the lungs

13. 3- Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Classification of CHD
A) Non-Cyanotic CHD
3- Patent Ductus Arteriosus

14. 3- Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Classification of CHD
A) Non-Cyanotic CHD
3- Patent Ductus Arteriosus
The ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal blood vessel that closes soon after birth.
In a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) the vessel does not close and remains "patent" resulting in irregular transmission of blood between two of the most important arteries close to the heart, the aorta and the pulmonary artery
A patent ductus arteriosus allows a portion of the oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs by flowing from the aorta (which has higher pressure) to the pulmonary artery

15. Classification of CHD
B) Cyanotic CHD
4-Tetralogy of Fallot

16. Tetralogy of Fallot B) Cyanotic CHD
Classification of CHD
B) Cyanotic CHD
Tetralogy of Fallot
Most common form of cyanotic heart disease
Cyanosis is the abnormal bluish discoloration of the skin that occurs because of low levels of circulating oxygen in the blood

17. Tetralogy of Fallot consists of the combination of four different
Classification of CHD
B) Cyanotic CHD
Tetralogy of Fallot consists of the combination of four different 
heart defects:
1- a ventricular septal defect
2- obstructed outflow of blood from the right ventricle to the lungs (pulmonary stenosis)
3- a displaced aorta, which causes blood to flow into the aorta
from both the right and left ventricles
4- abnormal enlargement of the right ventricle (right ventricular hypertrophy)

18. THANK YOU…..