1. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Chapter 26

2. Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes

3. ANIMAL It’s time to DRAW!
Draw the first thing that comes to mind when you hear the word
ANIMAL

4. What makes an animal? Heterotroph Multicellular Eukaryotic
Do not make their own food
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Contains a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
No cell wall
Animals are multicellular eukaryotic
heterotroph whose cells lack cell walls.

5. Vertebrates and Invertebrates
Now, separate all the drawings into two general groups.
How would you do that?
Vertebrates and Invertebrates

6. Vertebrate Invertebrate
Animals with a backbone/vertebral column
Ie humans
Animals without a backbone/vertebral column (97%)
Ie. Worms

7. Animal Phyla
Biologists recognize about 36 separate phyla within the Kingdom Animalia.
In this unit, we are ONLY looking at 8 phyla.

8. Major Animal Phyla

9. Animal Species
Somewhere around 9 or 10 million species of animals inhabit the earth.
About 800,000 species have been identified.

10. 7 Essential Life Function for Animals
Feeding (Heterotrophs)
Respiration (gas exchange)
Internal transport (ie circulatory system)
Excretion
Reproduction (asexual - budding, sexual)
Response
Movement (motile, sessile)

11. Feeding Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Parasites Filter feeders
Detritus feeders

12. Respiration (breathe)
Gas exchange: O2 and CO2
Diffusion
through skin (small aquatic animals)
Inefficient
Respiratory system
Many different forms
Different in different animals

13. Internal Transport Small aquatic animals can function without one
Used to carry oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to and from body cells
Circulatory system
made up of a heart, blood vessels and blood
Simple or complex

14. Excretion Removes chemical wastes from cellular metabolism
Ammonia: harmful for the body
Methods
Diffusion (small aquatic animals)
Excretory system: solid wastes
Excretory system: liquid wastes
Larger
animals

15. Reproduction Direct development: Indirect development:
Offspring look like mini-adults
Ex. dogs, humans
Indirect development:
embryo hatches into larvae and go through metamorphosis to change
Ex. Tadpole  frog

16. Responses Trigger by a stimulus (light, temp, sound, etc)
Animals must be aware of their surroundings:
Find food
Spot predators
Recognize others of their own kind
Use specialized cells:
Nerve cells
Brain
Sense organs: gather information (eyes, ears)
Nervous system – highly complex /advance

17. Movement Sessile – animals that don’t move around
Motile – animals that move around
Use specialized cells that form tissues called
In advanced animals, muscles move with a solid support
Exoskeletons: skeletons outside of body
Endoskeletons: skeletons inside of body
MUSCLES
SKELETON

18. Division of Labour Cell Specialization
Multicellular organisms have different cells that perform specific functions to keep the organisms alive.
This is also known as
Talked about it in algae (algae notes part 2)
Specialized means more different cells that have different functions and work together to keep the algae alive
Division of Labour
***Unicellular organisms do not have division of labour. They perform all life functions with only their single cell.

19. Division of Labour Unicellular organisms Advantages:
Restricted by size
Less efficient
Advantages:
More efficient
Specific cells that:
feed, respire, eliminate waste

20. Invertebrates
Phylum Porifera Ex. Sponges

21. Invertebrates
Phylum Cnidaria Ex. Sea anemone

22. Invertebrates Worm Phyla (3) 1) Platyhelminthes: Flatworms
Ex. Tapeworms
2) Nematoda: Roundworms
Ex. Hookworms
3) Annelida: Segmented worms
Ex. Earthworms

23. Invertebrates
Phylum Mollusca
Ex. Snails, Clams, Octopus, Squid

24. Invertebrate
Phylum Echinodermata
ex sea stars, sea urchins

25. Stop here

26. 4 Evolutionary Trends
analyze the basic body plans of animals to find the evolutionary trends.
Four major “advances” (in order):
1. Multi-cellular body plan
Division of labor: groups of specialized cells with different functions
Cells  tissue  organs
2. Radial vs Bilateral symmetrical body plan
3. Cephalization (a head)
4. “Tube-within-a-tube” body plan (not in book)

27. Symmetry
Asymmetry: No symmetry at all

28. Radial vs. Bilateral Symmetry

29. Radial Symmetry
forms that can be divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through it.
Don’t have a real head
Sessile
Might drift in random pattern

30. Bilateral Symmetry
forms that can be divided into similar halves by one plane
well-suited for directional movement.
Specialized anterior, posterior, dorsal, and ventral side

32. Trend of Animal Symmetry
Bilateral
symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Radial
symmetrical
Trend

33. Cephalization “head”
the process by which sensory organs became localized in the anterior (head) end of animals
Bilateral Symmetry move with anterior end facing forward
Natural selection favours animal that can sense its environment

34. Blue Spotted Sting Ray Sense organs and nerve cells gathering at
the anterior end of the animal.

35. 3 Major Bilateral Body Plans
Coelom = cavity
Acoelomates
Pseudocoelomates
Coelomates
Each plan consists of 3 cell layers:
Endoderm: lines the gastrovascular cavity
Mesoderm: found bw endo/ectoderm
Ectoderm: covers outer surface of body

36. Trend in Body Plan
Pseudocoelomates
Acoelomates
Coelomates
Trend

37. Acoelomates These animals have no other cavity than the gut.
They are often called the “solid worms.”

38. Pseudocoelomates
Animals with a body cavity which is not completely lined with mesoderm.
The “tube within a tube” body plan.
composed of mostly worms.

39. Coelomates
These animals have a “true coelom” lined with mesodermal peritoneum
Most animals are coelomate

40. Pseudocoelomates
Acoelomates
Coelomates
Trend