1. AP BIOLOGY Chapter 14 Review

2. If a person has Type A blood what possible genotypes could she/he have?
IAIA or IAi
autosomal recessive
MALES can be carriers for _______________________disorders
A. autosomal recessive
B. X linked recessive C. neither of these; males can never be carriers

3. What is the genotype of an organism used in a testcross with an unknown dominant looking parent?
HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE
Name an X-linked genetic disorder you learned about.
A person who has a copy of the gene for a recessive
disorder but doesn’t show the disorder is called a
_________________
Hemophilia, colorblindness, Duchenne Muscular dystrophy
carrier

4. If a person has Type B blood what possible genotypes could she/he have?
IBIB or IBi

5. A trait that is controlled by several genes
(like skin color or height) is called ______________
Polygenic
Give an example of an autosomal dominant
lethal genetic disease that you learned about.
Huntington’s ;
Achondroplasia (dwarfism)

6. Give an example of Y linked gene.
A trait in which there are three or more choices
for a single gene (like A, B, and O blood type) is a ____________ trait.
polygenic multiple allele
Multiple allele
Give an example of Y linked gene.
Hairy ears (pinna)
SRY

7. Name the pattern of inheritance in which
EPISTASIS
________________ is when the gene at one locus alters the expression of a gene at another locus.
Name the pattern of inheritance in which
heterozygous individuals show a blended
phenotype like when crossing pure red and pure
white flowers produces pink flowers.
Incomplete dominance

8. Name the pattern of inheritance in which
PLEIOTROPY
________________ is when one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects.
Name the pattern of inheritance in which
both alleles are expressed in a heterozygous
individual like A and B alleles producing AB
type blood.
Codominance

9. A body cell is also called a ______________ cell.
SOMATIC
LETHAL
______________ mutations cause death often before birth.

10. Tell the sex of a human or other mammal with the Xy genotype
male

11. A A B, C, D, E Which person(s) shows the genetic trait? B
Which person(s) is/are male?
Which person(s) is/are female?
Which person(s) is/are carriers for this trait?
Which person(s) DO NOT show the trait? A B A C E D
A, C, E
B, D D
B, C, D, E

12. X-linked genes _______________
Name this diagram used to show how traits are passed in families.
pedigree
Show up more frequently in males
X-linked genes _______________
Only show up in females
Show up more frequently in males
can be heterozygous in males
only pass from mothers to daughters

13. Name the disease that individual’s who are
Which pattern would you expect to see when crossing parents that are heterozygous for two genes?
9:3:3:1
9 – Dominant Trait 1; Dominant Trait 2
3- Dominant Trait 1: Recessive Trait 2 3 – Recessive Trait 1; Dominant Trait 2
1- Recessive Trait 1: Recessive Trait 2
Name the disease that individual’s who are
heterozygous for the sickle cell allele show
resistance to.
malaria

14. Sickle cell anemia is more common in _____________
males females African Americans Caucasians
Jewish/Middle Easterners
Sickle cell anemia is more common in _____________
Cystic fibrosis is more common in ___________
Tay Sachs disease is more common in _______________
X-linked traits are more common in ___________
African Americans
Caucasians
Jewish/
Middle Easterners
males

15. What would the blood cell of a person with IBi genotype look like?
A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type _________
B or AB

16. A gene that is carried on the X chromosome is called __________________
X-linked

17. Two genes that are close together on the same
chromosome would show a _______ crossing over frequency.
high low
low

18. Name disorders that are:
Autosomal Dominant
________________
Huntington’s
Achondroplasia
Autosomal
Codominant
___________________
Sickle cell disease

19. What would the blood cell of a person with IAIB genotype look like?
A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type ________
AB only

20. Other name for “Dwarfism”
Achondroplasia
TRUE or FALSE
Females can be carriers for X linked genes.
True; they have 2 X chromosomes. So they can have one normal gene and one mutant gene.

21. Name 3 disorders that are:
Autosomal recessive X linked recessive
_______________ _______________
________________ _______________
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Tay-Sach’s
Cystic fibrosis
Hemophilia
Colorblindness
Muscular dystrophy

22. Why do X-linked recessive disorders show up
more in males than females?
Males only have one X. If they get the gene it will show.
Females have a 2nd X that can “hide” the disorder gene. They need 2 copies of the gene to show disorder. Males don’t have a “back up” X.

23. Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during prophase I
Organisms with two identical alleles for a trait are called ________________
Crossing over
homozygous

24. What disorder is it? Hemophilia Sickle cell anemia
Mutation in the blood clotting protein makes
person unable to stop bleeding after an injury _______________
Mutation in hemoglobin causes red
blood cells to change shape and ____________________
leads to a variety of symptoms
Mutation causes mental retardation
if foods containing phenylalanine are eaten _____________________
Mutation in ion channel protein causes thick mucous to clog up lungs and digestive organs _______________________
Hemophilia
Sickle cell anemia
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Cystic fibrosis

25. How is a trait different from an allele?
Traits are the observed characteristic (EX: flower color) Alleles are the alternative choices for a trait (EX: red or white)
Crossing individuals from the P1 generation produce the ____ generation
Organisms with two different alleles for a trait are called ________________ F1
heterozygous

26. Allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote
DOMINANT
Crossing individuals from the F1 generation produce the ____ generation
An organism’s genetic makeup = _______________ F2
genotype

27. What would the blood cell of a person with ii genotype look like?
Type O has neither A or B Glycoproteins
A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type _________
O, A, B O is the universal donor and AB

28. Dominant/recessive? Autosomal/X-linked/nondisjunction
Cystic fibrosis ____________________
Hemophilia _____________________
Colorblindness __________________
Phenylketonuria ___________________
Duchenne muscular dystrophy ________________
Autosomal recessive
X-linked recessive
X-linked recessive
Autosomal recessive
X-linked recessive

29. An organism’s appearance = _______________
Allele that is not expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote and requires two copies to show
recessive
An organism’s appearance = _______________
Another name for heterozygous =
phenotype
hybrid

30. What disorder is it? Hemophilia Sickle cell anemia
Mutation in the blood clotting protein makes
person unable to stop bleeding after an injury _______________
Mutation in hemoglobin causes red
blood cells to change shape and ____________________
leads to a variety of symptoms
Mutation causes mental retardation
if foods containing phenylalanine are eaten _____________________
Three #21 chromosomes are present
causing mental retardation _______________________
Mutation in ion channel protein causes thick mucous to clog up lungs and digestive organs _______________________
Hemophilia
Sickle cell anemia
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Down syndrome
Cystic fibrosis

31. IA ii IB
IAIB
IBi
IAi
The alleles for blood type show 2 patterns of inheritance.
The following statements are TRUE or FALSE?
F A & B are codominant
A is dominant over B.
O is dominant over A.
A is dominant over O.
B and A are co-dominant
A is incompletely dominant over O.
O is recessive to A and to B
F O is recessive to both A & B T T F T

32. What disorder is it? Achondroplasia Conjoined twins
Twins that are born joined together ____________________
Males with an extra X chromosome ______________________ (XXY) karyotype; some female features; infertility
Lipids build up in brain causing blindness, retardation, & early death _________________________
Disorder in bone growth so torso __________________________
and head are normal size but arms and legs are short
Conjoined twins
Klinefelter syndrome
Tay-Sachs
Achondroplasia

33. Tell the type of mutation that causes sickle cell disease
Twins born at the same time but which are produced from two different sperm and eggs are called ___________________
DIZYGOTIC or FRATERNAL
Tell the type of mutation that causes sickle cell disease
Type ____ blood is called the “universal recipient”
substitution AB

34. Tell the type of mutation that causes Huntington’s disease
Identical twins produced from one sperm and one egg are called ___________________
Tell the type of mutation that causes Huntington’s disease
Type ___ blood is called the “universal donor”
MONOZYGOTIC or MATERNAL
Duplication/insertion; extra CAG repeats O

35. What would the blood cell of a person with IAi genotype look like?
A person with this type of blood could DONATE to Type _________
A or AB

36. Dominant/recessive? Autosomal/X-linked/nondisjunction
Autosomal recessive
Phenylketonuria ____________________
Down syndrome ____________________
Sickle cell anemia _____________________
Klinefelter syndrome ____________________
Huntington’s disease ______________________
Tay-Sachs _________________
nondisjunction
Autosomal CODOMINANT
nondisjunction
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive

37. A. Tay-Sachs disease B. cancer C. diabetes D. Alzheimer’s disease
Name the X-linked genetic disorder found in a pedigree of the royal families of Europe
Which of the following human diseases is inherited as a simple recessive trait?
A. Tay-Sachs disease B. cancer
C. diabetes
D. Alzheimer’s disease
E. cardiovascular disease
HEMOPHILIA
Tay-Sachs
Campbell and Reece Chap 15 ?’s

38. In guinea pigs, brown coat (B) is dominant over red (b) and solid color (S) is dominant over spotted (s). What proportion of the offspring of a heterozygous dihybrid cross would be expected to be
brown and spotted? ____
brown and solid? ____
red and spotted? ____
red and solid ? ____
3/16
9/16
1/16
3/16

39. What is the critical value used when calculating Chi-square?
How are degrees of freedom calculated when determining Chi-square?
A Chi-square value that is less than the p-value
means you should __________ the null hypothesis.
accept reject
0.05
# of groups - 1
ACCEPT

40. For the following crosses, determine the probability of the indicated genotype in an offspring.
AAbb X AaBb
AAbb
AaBB X AaBb
aaBB
AABbcc X aabbCC
AaBbCc
AaBbCc X AaBbcc
aabbcc
1 X ½ X 1 X ½ = ¼
½ X ½ X 1 X ½ = 1/8
1 X 1 X ½ X 1 X 1 X 1 =1/2
½ X ½ X ½ X ½ X ½ X 1 = 1/32
Campbell and Reece Chap 14 ?’s

41. If you see a 2:1 ratio instead, what should you suspect.
When crossing two individuals that are heterozygous for a completely dominant trait, what phenotypic pattern would you expect to see in the offspring?
If you see a 2:1 ratio instead,
what should you suspect.
3 dominant:1 recessive
The trait is a dominant lethal trait.

42. After flipping 2 heads from two coin tosses, what is the probability of tossing the coin and obtaining heads?
½; past events don’t influence the next flip

43. Caleb has a double row of eyelashes, which he inherited from
his mother as a dominant trait. His maternal grandfather is the only
other relative to have the trait. Veronica, a woman with normal
eyelashes, falls madly in love with Caleb, and they marry. Their
first child, Polly, has normal eyelashes. Now Veronica is pregnant
again and hopes they will have a child who has double eyelashes.
a. What chance does a child of Veronica and Caleb have of inheriting double eyelashes?
b. Draw a pedigree of this family.
Caleb’s mom is Ee since her dad is the only
other relative to show the dominant trait.
She passed her E allele to Caleb so he is Ee too
Veronica must be ee since she is normal.
So Caleb (Ee) X Veronica (ee)
Child #2 has a ½ or 50% of having
double eyelashes