1. Plant & Animal Adaptations
Biology EOCT Review

2. Adaptations in Plants
Adaptation: any structure or behavior that increases an organism’s chance of survival or reproduction
Stimulus: anything in an organism’s internal or external environment that causes the organism to react.
Includes light, temperature, movement, pressure, chemicals, gravity, and sound
Tropism: a plant’s growth in a certain direction in response to a stimulus.
Toward stimulus: positive
Away from stimulus: negative

3. Plant Tropisms

4. Plant Hormones
Hormone: a chemical messenger that is produced in one part of an organism and affects activities in another part of the organism

5. Structural Adaptations in Plants
These adaptations of plants can be seen in their leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and seeds. They help plants survive adverse environmental conditions.
Examples:
Deciduous trees have broad, flat leaves that are well suited for capturing sunlight
Dormancy in winter to conserve water
Conifers have flexible branches that prevent them from breaking under the weight of snow
Pollen carried by the wind

6. Functional Adaptations of Plants
Functional adaptations are related to the way an organism’s body works
Chemical defenses are also a functional adaptations to protect from predators
Example: Poison ivy, poison oak

7. Physical Adaptations of Animals
Camouflage: coloring or patterns that enable an organisms to blend in with its surroundings
Countershading
Cryptic coloration
Disruptive Coloration

8. Physical Adaptations of Animals
Mimicry: an organisms’ resemblance to an object in its surrounding or to another organism
Walking Stick
Wasp (stings) vs Hoverfly (harmless)

9. Territorial behavior is an innate behavior!
Behavior in Animals
Innate behavior: a behavior that an animal does not need to learn through experience
Reflex: an involuntary response to a stimulus (ex: pulling your hand away when you touch something hot)
Instinct: a more complicated innate behavior (ex: bird building a nest, courtship rituals); animals have control over these behaviors
Territorial behavior is an innate behavior!

10. Behavior Migration: the instinctive seasonal movement of a species
Hibernation: spending the winter in an inactive or dormant state
Estivation: a reduction in an animal’s rate of metabolism in response to extreme heat

11. Learned Behavior
Learned behaviors develop during an animal’s lifetime as a result of experience
Help animals survive by responding to a changing environment
Many require practice
Imprinting: the response of some animals to a stimulus that they are exposed to shortly after birth
Habituation: animal learns to ignore a repeated stimulus that does not harm the animal